Nginx因其出色的处理并发连接的能力,越来越多地作为一个反向代理服务器被使用。所谓反向代理,即把Nginx置于用户接入的最前端,监听用户发来的请求,并把它们转发给相应的后端服务器来处理具体的请求。后端服务器可以是缓存服务器(如Squid)或是处理动态/静态请求的服务器(如apache/Nginx/lighttpd),在这里不作深入讨论。本文对Nginx在upstream服务器的设置和"proxy_pass"的功能在代码层面进行分析,并讨论在实际生产环境的出现的问题。
http{ #... upstream backend_name{ server xx.xx.xx.xx:xx weight=2 max_fails=3; server www.xxx.com weight=1; server unix://xxx/xxx; #... } #... }
ngx_http_upstream(...) { //获取upstream服务器组的名字,即upstream命令的参数 //... //这个函数初始化一个ngx_http_upstream_srv_conf_t类型,并存入umcf->upstreams数组里面 //注意:这个函数还有一个作用,就是在"proxy_pass"的时候从umcf->upstreams找出match的upstream服务器组(不知道为啥要放在同一个函数里><) uscf = ngx_http_upstream_add(...); ctx = ngx_pcalloc(cf->pool, sizeof(ngx_http_conf_ctx_t)); //继承main_conf http_ctx = cf->ctx; ctx->main_conf = http_ctx->main_conf; //创建新的srv_conf ctx->srv_conf = ngx_pcalloc(cf->pool, sizeof(void *) * ngx_http_max_module); //把ngx_http_upstream_add()创建的ngx_http_upstream_srv_conf_t存入srv_conf ctx->srv_conf[ngx_http_upstream_module.ctx_index] = uscf; //虽然uscf本身是一个srv_conf,但是它的成员中也有srv_conf,指向全局的srv_conf uscf->srv_conf = ctx->srv_conf; //创建loc_conf ctx->loc_conf = ngx_pcalloc(cf->pool, sizeof(void *) * ngx_http_max_module); //for each NGX_HTTP_MODULE for (;;){ //if this module has create_srv_conf() ... mconf = module->create_srv_conf(cf); ctx->srv_conf[ngx_modules[m]->ctx_index] = mconf; //if this module has create_loc_conf() ... mconf = module->create_loc_conf(cf); ctx->loc_conf[ngx_modules[m]->ctx_index] = mconf; } cf->ctx = ctx; cf->cmd_type = NGX_HTTP_UPS_CONF; //继续解析server的配置 rv = ngx_conf_parse(cf, NULL); }
ngx_http_upstream_server(...) { ngx_http_upstream_server_t *us; us = ngx_array_push(uscf->servers); //获取第一个参数,即url u.url = value[1]; u.default_port = 80; ngx_parse_url(cf->pool, &u); //解析"server"后面的其他参数 //... //存入us us->addrs = u.addrs; us->naddrs = u.naddrs; us->weight = weight; us->max_fails = max_fails; us->fail_timeout = fail_timeout; }
ngx_http_proxy_pass(...) { ngx_http_proxy_loc_conf_t *plcf = conf; //获取当前的location,即在哪个location配置的"proxy_pass"指令 clcf = ngx_http_conf_get_module_loc_conf(cf, ngx_http_core_module); //设置loc的handler,这个clcf->handler会在ngx_http_update_location_config()里面赋予r->content_handler,从而在NGX_HTTP_CONTENT_PHASE里面调用这个handler,即ngx_http_proxy_handler。 clcf->handler = ngx_http_proxy_handler; //如果"proxy_pass"第一个参数(即url)里面的变量 //... //根据http/https设置port和add(位移) //... u.url.len = url->len - add;//设置url的长度,除去http://(https://) u.url.data = url->data + add;//设置url,除去http://(https://),比如原来是"http://backend1",现在就是"backend1" u.default_port = port;//默认port u.uri_part = 1; u.no_resolve = 1;//不要resolve这个url的域名 //这儿从已经定义的upstream服务器组里面找到名字match的组 plcf->upstream.upstream = ngx_http_upstream_add(cf, &u, 0); //设置plcf的成员 //... //设置location的名字 plcf->location = clcf->name; //... }
ngx_http_proxy_handler(r) { ngx_http_upstream_t *u; //生成一个新的ngx_http_upstream_t,赋值给r->upstream //... ngx_http_upstream_create(r); //设置r->ctx[ngx_http_proxy_module.ctx_index] = ctx ctx = ngx_pcalloc(r->pool, sizeof(ngx_http_proxy_ctx_t)); ngx_http_set_ctx(r, ctx, ngx_http_proxy_module); //获取ngx_http_proxy_loc_conf_t plcf = ngx_http_get_module_loc_conf(r, ngx_http_proxy_module); //... //获取upstream server的信息,如标签、服务器ip、port等 u->conf = &plcf->upstream; //生成发送到上游服务器的请求缓冲(或者一条缓冲链) u->create_request = ngx_http_proxy_create_request; //在后端服务器被重置的情况下(在create_request被第二次调用之前)被调用 u->reinit_request = ngx_http_proxy_reinit_request; //处理上游服务器回复的第一个bit,时常是保存一个指向上游回复负载的指针 u->process_header = ngx_http_proxy_process_status_line; //在客户端放弃请求的时候被调用 u->abort_request = ngx_http_proxy_abort_request; //在Nginx完成从上游服务器读入回复以后被调用 u->finalize_request = ngx_http_proxy_finalize_request; //... u->pipe = ngx_pcalloc(r->pool, sizeof(ngx_event_pipe_t)); u->pipe->input_filter = ngx_event_pipe_copy_input_filter; ngx_http_read_client_request_body(r, ngx_http_upstream_init); //没有special response return NGX_DONE;//-4 }
ngx_http_upstream_init(r) { //... //如果是edge trigger事件机制(epoll/kqueue),添加一个NGX_WRITE_EVENT //这个事件用来检查与用户的连接是否断开 ngx_add_event(c->write, NGX_WRITE_EVENT, NGX_CLEAR_EVENT); ngx_http_upstream_init_request(r); }
ngx_http_upstream_init_request(r) { ngx_http_upstream_t *u; u = r->upstream; //设置r->read_event_handler和r->write_event_handler为事件调用函数 r->read_event_handler = ngx_http_upstream_rd_check_broken_connection; r->write_event_handler = ngx_http_upstream_wr_check_broken_connection; //把用户来的request内容(如请求行,headers)放到r->upstream的成员变量中 //如r->upstream->url存放请求的url //把请求(包括请求行,headers)放入r->upstream->request_bufs这个buf chain u->create_request(r); clcf = ngx_http_get_module_loc_conf(r, ngx_http_core_module); //初始化u->output(ngx_output_chain_ctx_s类型) u->output.alignment = clcf->directio_alignment; u->output.pool = r->pool; u->output.bufs.num = 1; u->output.bufs.size = clcf->client_body_buffer_size; u->output.output_filter = ngx_chain_writer; u->output.filter_ctx = &u->writer; u->writer.pool = r->pool; //创建state(ngx_http_upstream_state_t类型) //... //添加一个cleanup处理方法 ngx_http_cleanup_add(r,0); cln->handler = ngx_http_upstream_cleanup; cln->data = r; u->cleanup = &cln->handler; //获取ngx_http_upstream_srv_conf_t uscf = u->conf->upstream; ngx_http_upstream_connect(r,u); }
ngx_http_upstream_connect(ngx_http_request_t *r, ngx_http_upstream_t *u) { u->state = ngx_array_push(r->upstream_states); //获取时间,存入u->state //... //创建一个socket,调用ngx_get_connection()获取一个空闲的connection并初始化 //把这个connection添加到事件监听,并bind()以及connect()到peer //不等建立连接,直接返回,一般返回值EINPROGRESS,表示正在进行中 rc = ngx_event_connect_peer(&u->peer); c = u->peer.connection; c->data = r; c->write->handler = ngx_http_upstream_handler; c->read->handler = ngx_http_upstream_handler; u->write_event_handler = ngx_http_upstream_send_request_handler; u->read_event_handler = ngx_http_upstream_process_header; c->sendfile &= r->connection->sendfile; u->output.sendfile = c->sendfile; //init or reinit the ngx_output_chain() and ngx_chain_writer() contexts //... //rc == NGX_AGAIN,连接进行中 ngx_add_timer(c->write, u->conf->connect_timeout); //rc == NGX_OK,连接成功 ngx_http_upstream_send_request(); }
ngx_http_request_handler(ngx_event_t *ev) { c = ev->data; r = c->data; //if... r->write_event_handler(r); //else... r->read_event_handler(r); //subrequest... ngx_http_run_posted_requests(c); }
ngx_http_upstream_check_broken_connection(r,ev) { c = r->connection; u = r->upstream; n = recv(c->fd, buf, 1, MSG_PEEK); //... //正常err应该是NGX_EAGAIN(11) err = ngx_socket_errno; //... }
ngx_http_upstream_handler(ev) { c = ev->data; r = c->data; u = r->upstream; c = r->connection; //if... u->write_event_handler(r, u); //else... u->read_event_handler(r, u); //subrequest... ngx_http_run_posted_requests(c); }
ngx_http_upstream_send_request(r,u) { c = u->peer.connection; //向后端发送请求 rc = ngx_output_chain(&u->output, u->request_sent ? NULL : u->request_bufs); u->write_event_handler = ngx_http_upstream_dummy_handler; }
ngx_http_upstream_process_header(r,u) { //... for ( ;; ) { n = c->recv(c, u->buffer.last, u->buffer.end - u->buffer.last); //u->process_header = ngx_http_proxy_process_status_line //还调用了ngx_http_proxy_process_header(),处理回复的headers rc = u->process_header(r); } ngx_http_upstream_process_headers(); //如果subrequest_in_memory == 0 ngx_http_upstream_send_response(r, u); //else... //... }
ngx_http_upstream_send_response(r,u) { //调用ngx_http_top_header_filter即ngx_http_header_filter() //ngx_http_header_filter()中会调用ngx_http_write_filter() //ngx_http_write_filter()遍历所有chain,然后输出所有数据 rc = ngx_http_send_header(r); //... u->read_event_handler = ngx_http_upstream_process_upstream; r->write_event_handler = ngx_http_upstream_process_downstream; ngx_http_upstream_process_upstream(r, u); }
ngx_http_upstream_process_upstream(r,u) { c = u->peer.connection; //如果没有timeout // ngx_event_pipe(u->pipe, 0); }