Oracle 恢复管理器 (RMAN)

 

 

 

数据库备份方案

Oracle 恢复管理器 (RMAN)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oracle 版本：	11.2G
操作系统：	Linux 5.4
版本号：	1. 0 初稿
制订日期：	2011-9- 6
制定部门：

 

 

 

 

 

 

目     录

 

一、         需求... 3

二、         目标... 3

三、         功能特点... 3

四、         RMAN备份种类... 4

4.1.         Nocatalog. 4

4.2.         Catalog. 4

五、         备份策略... 4

六、         实施过程... 4

6.1        配置oracle系统参数... 4

6.2        连接rman进行参数配置... 4

6.3        编写0级和1级备份脚本... 5

6.4       编写执行0级与1级备份的操作系统脚本文件... 5

6.5        排程定时执行功能... 6

6.6        启动定时服务功能... 6

七、         恢复操作... 7

7.1       Spfile丢失... 7

$ target target /. 7

RMAN>shutdown immediate;. 7

RMAN>startup mount;. 7

RMAN>restore spfile ;. 7

RMAN> startup;. 7

7.2        Datafile 文件... 7

RMAN> report schema;. 7

RMAN> shutdown abort;. 8

RMAN>startup mount;. 8

RMAN> sql 'alter database datafile 4 offline';. 8

RMAN> restore datafile 4;. 8

RMAN> recover datafile 4;. 8

RMAN> sql "alter database datafile 4 online";. 9

RMAN> alter database open;. 9

7.3        恢复Users表空间... 9

RMAN> SQL 'ALTER TABLESPACE TB2 OFFLINE IMMEDIATE';. 9

RMAN> RESTORE TABLESPACE TB2 ;. 9

RMAN> RECOVER TABLESPACE TB2;. 9

RMAN> SQL 'ALTER TABLESPACE TB2 ONLINE';. 10

7.4        redolog丢失... 10

SQL> shutdown immediate;. 10

SQL> startup mount;. 10

SQL>recover database until cancel;. 10

SQL>alter database open resetlogs;. 10

 

一、   需求

随着计算机的普及和信息技术的进步，特别是计算机网络的飞速发展，信息安全的重要性日趋明显。只要发生数据传输、数据存储和数据交换，就有可能产生系统失效、数据丢失或遭到破坏。如果没有采取数据备份和数据恢复手段与措施，就会导致数据丢失或损毁，给数据中心造成的损失是无法弥补与估量的。

二、   目标

以最短的时间恢复因人为原因或硬件介质所产生的损坏。

 

三、   功能特点

Ø 可使用 RMAN进行增量备份，备份的大小不取决于数据库的大小而取决于数据库内的活动程度，因为增量备份跳过未改动的，用其它普通的办法是无法时行增量备份的。

Ø 可联机修补数据文件部分有误数据块，不需要从备份复原文件

Ø 二进制压缩特性降低了保存在磁盘上的备份大小，但会占用较多的系统资源

Ø 可方便的克隆数据库和维护数据库

 

恢复时间取决于以下因素：

 

Ø 归档日志位于何种介质之上。如果是磁带则需时间要比磁盘长很多

Ø 使用并行恢复减少恢复数据库所需时间

Ø 需要替换磁盘还是 copy至其它地方。Copy到其它地方因恢复时需要把数据copy回所需时间长

Ø 执行备份的频率有多高？备份越频繁，应用的日志越多，时间越长。

 

四、   RMAN备份种类

 

 

 

 

4.1. Nocatalog

 恢复时数据库必需要在 mount状态，在启动mount状态必需有spfile和控制文件本实例采用此方案备份数据 ，控制必需要是copy方式的保存

4.2. Catalog 

以数据库保存信息方式，需要一台新的电脑作为 catalog服务器，相对功能比较多。

 

五、   备份策略

A.   备份数据保留 7天

B.   采用星期天 0级备份其它时间都采用1增量备份

C.   本实例方法使用 nocatalog 方式备份与恢复 所有备份信息写在控制文件中，有可能超过控制文件大小,需要设定备份信息保留的时间，需少要大于RMAM中的备份策略中的天数

六、   实施过程

   

6.1       配置 oracle系统参数

 

SQL> alter system set CONTROL_FILE_RECORD_KEEP_TIME=15 scope=both;

设置备份信息保留天数

SQL> alter database enable block changes tracking using file '/home/oracle/change_tracking.dbf';启用块跟踪功能

 

6.2       连接 rman进行参数配置

$ rman target /

RMan> configure device type disk parallelism 2;

 (设置备份的并行级别，通道数 )

RMAN> configure channel 1 device type disk fromat '/backup1/backup_%s_%p_%t';

 (设置备份的文件格式，只适用于磁盘设备 )

RMAN> configure channel 2 device type disk fromat '/backup2/backup_%s_%p_%t ';

(设置备份的文件格式，只适用于磁盘设备 ) 

RMAN>CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/backup1/ctl_%s_%p_%t';

(设置控制文件与服务器参数文件自动备份的文件格式 )

RMAN>CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2 backup type to compressed backupset;

进行压缩可以减少数据空间，但需要 cpu的时间一般不采用，所需时间是正常备份所需时间的好几倍

RMAN> CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO APPLIED ON STANDBY;

删除时先确定是否已经应用

RMAN> CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;

设定备份数据保留天数

    

6.3       编写 0级和1级备份脚本

$cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/

$vi rman_level0.rman

run {

 backup incremental level 0 tag='db0' database

skip offline # 表示跳过离线文件

skip inaccessible # 表示跳过不可读的文件

skip readonly ; #跳过只读文件

backup archivelog all not backed up 1 times;

 sql 'alter system archive log current';

 copy current controlfile to '/store/control_%s_%p_%t.ctl';

CROSSCHECK BACKUPSET;

 DELETE NOPROMPT EXPIRED BACKUPSET;

}

 

保存退出

$vi rman_level1.rman

 

run {

 backup incremental level 1 tag='db1' database

skip offline # 表示跳过离线文件

skip inaccessible # 表示跳过不可读的文件

skip readonly ; #跳过不可读文件

backup archivelog all not backed up 1 times;

 sql 'alter system archive log current';

 copy current controlfile to '/store/control_%s_%p_%t.ctl';

CROSSCHECK BACKUPSET;

 DELETE NOPROMPT EXPIRED BACKUPSET;

delete noprompt obsoltet;

delete noprompt redundancy =3;

delete noprompt redundancy window of 7 days;

}

保存退出

 

6.4   编写执行 0级与1级备份的操作系统脚本文件

Vi runback0.sh

export ORACLE_BASE=/opt/oracle

export ORACLE_HOME=/opt/oracle/product/10.2.0/db

export ORACLE_SID=orcl

export TNS_ADMIN=$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin

export ORACLE_TERM=xterm

export NLS_LANG=american_america.ZHS16GBK

export ORA_NLS33=$ORACLE_HOME/ocommon/nls/admin/data

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib

export PATH=$PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/bin

$ORACLE_HOME/bin/rman target / cmdfile=$ORACLE_HOME/rman_level0.rman log=$ORACLE_HOME/myrman.log append

 

保存退出

$vi runback1.sh

export ORACLE_BASE=/opt/oracle

export ORACLE_HOME=/opt/oracle/product/10.2.0/db

export ORACLE_SID=orcl

export TNS_ADMIN=$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin

export ORA_NLS33=$ORACLE_HOME/ocommon/nls/admin/data

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib

export PATH=$PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/bin

NLS_LANG=american_america.ZHS16GBK; export NLS_LANG

 

$ORACLE_HOME/bin/rman target / cmdfile=$ORACLE_HOME/rman_level1.rman log=$ORACLE_HOME/myrman.log append

 

保存退出

6.5       排程定时执行功能

$ crontab -e 每天晚上 1点29分开始执行 星期天进行执行0级备份其它都为1级

 

29 01 * * 0 /opt/oracle/product/10.2.0/db/./runbacko0.sh

29 01 * * 1 /opt/oracle/product/10.2.0/db/./runback1.sh

29 01 * * 2 /opt/oracle/product/10.2.0/db/./runback1.sh

29 01 * * 3 /opt/oracle/product/10.2.0/db/./runback1.sh

29 01 * * 4 /opt/oracle/product/10.2.0/db/./runback1.sh

29 01 * * 5 /opt/oracle/product/10.2.0/db/./runback1.sh

29 01 * * 6 /opt/oracle/product/10.2.0/db/./runback1.sh

保存退出

如果没用启用定时功能，则使用 root用户启动此服务操作

6.6       启动定时服务功能

l $su root

l $cd /etc/init.d

l ./crond restart

七、   恢复操作

7    

7.1  Spfile 丢失

$ target target /

RMAN>shutdown immediate;

RMAN>startup mount;

RMAN>restore spfile ;

Starting restore at 08-SEP-11

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=18 device type=DISK

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_2

channel ORA_DISK_2: SID=19 device type=DISK

RMAN> shutdown immediate;

database dismounted

Oracle instance shut down

 

 

RMAN> startup;

connected to target database (not started)

Oracle instance started

database mounted

database opened

 

Total System Global Area      146472960 bytes

 

Fixed Size                     1335080 bytes

Variable Size                  92274904 bytes

Database Buffers               50331648 bytes

Redo Buffers                    2531328 bytes

7.2       Datafile 文件

RMAN> report schema;

 

Report of database schema for database with db_unique_name DBP

 

List of Permanent Datafiles

===========================

File Size(MB) Tablespace            RB segs Datafile Name

---- -------- -------------------- ------- ------------------------

1     680      SYSTEM               ***     /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf

2     540      SYSAUX               ***     /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf

3     95       UNDOTBS1             ***     /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf

4     37       USERS                ***     /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf

5     0        TB1                  ***     /opt/oracle/oradata/tbuser1.dbf

6     50       TB2                  ***     /opt/oracle/oradata/tbuser2.dbf

 

现 datafile users01.dbf丢失 序号为4

RMAN> shutdown abort;

RMAN>startup mount;

RMAN> sql 'alter database datafile 4 offline';

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog

sql statement: alter database datafile 4 offline

RMAN> restore datafile 4;

 

Starting restore at 08-SEP-11

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=20 device type=DISK

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_2

channel ORA_DISK_2: SID=21 device type=DISK

 

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00004 to /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /store/backup_0nmluq8o_1_1.bak

channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/store/backup_0nmluq8o_1_1.bak tag=DB0

channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03

Finished restore at 08-SEP-11

RMAN> recover datafile 4;

 

Starting recover at 08-SEP-11

using channel ORA_DISK_1

using channel ORA_DISK_2

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set

destination for restore of datafile 00004: /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /store/backup_0vmluvqr_1_1.bak

channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/store/backup_0vmluvqr_1_1.bak tag=DB1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02

RMAN> sql "alter database datafile 4 online";

 

sql statement: alter database datafile 4 online

RMAN> alter database open;

 

database opened

 

7.3       恢复 Users表空间

RMAN> SQL 'ALTER TABLESPACE TB2 OFFLINE IMMEDIATE';

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog

sql statement: ALTER TABLESPACE TB2 OFFLINE IMMEDIATE

RMAN> RESTORE TABLESPACE TB2 ;

Starting restore at 08-SEP-11

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=18 device type=DISK

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_2

channel ORA_DISK_2: SID=17 device type=DISK

 

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to /opt/oracle/oradata/tbuser2.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /store/backup_0nmluq8o_1_1.bak

channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/store/backup_0nmluq8o_1_1.bak tag=DB0

channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:08

Finished restore at 08-SEP-11

 

RMAN> RECOVER TABLESPACE TB2;

Starting recover at 08-SEP-11

using channel ORA_DISK_1

using channel ORA_DISK_2

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set

destination for restore of datafile 00006: /opt/oracle/oradata/tbuser2.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /store1/backup_10mluvqr_1_1.bak

channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/store1/backup_10mluvqr_1_1.bak tag=DB1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting incremental datafile backup set restore

media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:00

Finished recover at 08-SEP-11

 

RMAN> SQL 'ALTER TABLESPACE TB2 ONLINE';

sql statement: ALTER TABLESPACE TB2 ONLINE

7.4       redolog 丢失

SQL> shutdown immediate;

SQL> startup mount;

SQL>recover database until cancel;

SQL>alter database open resetlogs;