Linux学习记录--磁盘分区，格式化与检验
磁盘分区，格式化与检验
磁盘分区：fdisk
磁盘格式化：mkfs,mke2fs
磁盘检测：fsck
大容量磁盘分区：parted
磁盘分区
语法：fdisk[-l] 设备名称
-l:输出系统内所有分区
举例：
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 1926 2610 5502262+ 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6 2053 2302 2008093+ 83 Linux
1. 查看磁盘文件名
[root@localhost ~]# df /
文件系统 1K-块 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda2 9920624 4329108 5079448 47% /
2. 查看磁盘分区功能
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda //这里不带数字 The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610. There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problemswith: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibilityflag d delete a partition //删除磁盘分区 l list known partition types m print this menu //查看磁盘分区功能 n add a new partition //增加一个磁盘分区 o create a new empty DOSpartition table p print the partition table //查看磁盘分区 q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sundisklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (expertsonly)
删除磁盘分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610. There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problemswith: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux /dev/sda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux /dev/sda4 1926 2610 5502262+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 2053 2302 2008093+ 83 Linux
由上可知我的磁盘主要分为6个分区，1,2,3为主分区，4为扩展分区，5为swap分区，6是逻辑分区
Command (m for help): d Partition number (1-6): 3 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux /dev/sda4 1926 2610 5502262+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 2053 2302 2008093+ 83 Linux 删除主分区sad3 后可以看到磁盘信息不在包含sad3 Command (m for help): d Partition number (1-6): 4 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux
删除扩展分区sad4 后可以看到扩展分区，逻辑分区都被删除（因为逻辑分区是由扩展分区衍生而来的）。
增加磁盘分区
磁盘分区最多只能有4个主分区+扩展分区组成，其中扩展分区最多只能有一个，剩下在创建的分区都是由扩展分区衍生出来的逻辑分区
举例1. 由于磁盘现分区分为3个主分区，1个扩展分区。因此在创建时将直接创建逻辑分区，而不在询问是否创建主分区或者扩展分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610. There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problemswith: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux /dev/sda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux /dev/sda4 1926 2610 5502262+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 2053 2302 2008093+ 83 Linux Command (m for help): n First cylinder (2303-2610, default 2303):
举例2：创建主/扩展分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610. There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problemswith: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Command (m for help): d //先将主分区和逻辑分区删除（如果为4个则默认创建逻辑分区） Partition number (1-6): 2 Command (m for help): d Partition number (1-6): 4 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4)
提示用户选择是是创建主分区还是扩展分区
举例3.创建逻辑分区与扩展分区
root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610. There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problemswith: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux /dev/sda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux /dev/sda4 1926 2610 5502262+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 2053 2302 2008093+ 83 Linux Command (m for help): d Partition number (1-6): 4 Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) e Selected partition 4 First cylinder (1926-2610, default 1926): Using default value 1926 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1926-2610, default 2610): Using default value 2610 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux /dev/sda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux /dev/sda4 1926 2610 5502262+ 5 Extended
sd4为新创建的扩展分区，大小为从柱面1926到2610
Command (m for help): n
Firstcylinder (1926-2610, default 1926):
Usingdefault value 1926
Lastcylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1926-2610, default 2610): +500M
对于此处可以指定柱面号码，以可以通过+XXM指定大小，让其自动分配柱面
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 1926 2610 5502262+ 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1926 1987 497983+ 83 Linux
sd5为新创建的逻辑分区，大小为500M
内核查找分区
当我们增加分区后，系统让我们reboot 以加载分区。也可以不用重启，只需要通知内容重新查找分区即可
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition tablefailed with error 16: 设备或资源忙.
The kernel still uses the old table.
The new table will be used at the nextreboot.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost~]# partprobe
磁盘格式化
分区完毕后要进行文件系统的格式化
mkfs
语法：mkfs[-t 文件系统格式] 设备文件名
选项与参数：
-t:文件系统格式，例如ext3,ext2,vfat等
举例
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda7
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystemlabel=
OS type: Linux
Blocksize=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
50200 inodes, 200780 blocks
10039 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the superuser
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
25 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments pergroup
2008 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystemaccounting information: done
This filesystem will be automaticallychecked every 37 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
其中文件系统Label 以及iBLOCK大小均采用默认大小。如果对于EXT2/EXT3 我们对这些信息由特殊的需求,可以使用mke2fs
mke2fs
语法：mke2fs[-b block大小] [-i inode 大小] [-L 卷标] [-cj] 设备
选项与参数：
-b:设置block大小，目前支持1024,2048,4096
-i:多少容量给予一个inode
-c:检查磁盘错误
-L:卷标名称（Label）
-j:自动加入日志系统成为EXT3文件系统，不加在默认为EXT2
举例
[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -b 2048 -i 4096-L "TKFDISK" -j /dev/sda7
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystemlabel=TKFDISK
OS type: Linux
Blocksize=2048 (log=1)
Fragment size=2048 (log=1)
50288 inodes, 100390 blocks
5019 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the superuser
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=103809024
7 block groups
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments pergroup
7184 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16384, 49152, 81920
Writing inode tables: done
Creatingjournal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystemaccounting information: done
This filesystem will be automaticallychecked every 31 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
磁盘检测(fsck)
语法: fsck [-t 文件系统格式] [-ACay]
选项与参数
-t ：文件系统格式。
-A ：依据/etc/fstab 的内容，将需要的装置扫瞄一次。
-a ：自动修复检查到的有问题的扇区.
-y ：与 -a 类似，但是某些filesystem 仅支持 -y 这个参数
-C ：可以在检验的过程当中，使用一个直方图来显示目前的进度！
EXT2/EXT3 的额外选项功能：(e2fsck 这支命令所提供)
-f ：强制检查！一般来说，如果 fsck 没有发现任何 unclean 的旗标，不会主动进入细部检查的，如果您想要强制 fsck 进入细部检查，就得加上 -f
-D ：针对文件系统下的目录进行优化配置。
举例
[root@localhost ~]# fsck -Cf /dev/sda7
fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)
e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
TKFDISK: 11/50288 files (9.1%non-contiguous), 7673/100390 blocks
说明：需要磁盘检查的分区不能挂载在系统上，需要先被卸载才能磁盘检测
大容量磁盘分区(parted)
由于fdisk无法支持到高于2TB以上的分区，此时就需要parted来处理了
语法：parted [设备] [命令 [参数]]
选项与参数：
新增分区：mkpart [primary|logical|extended] [ext3|vfat]开始结束
分区表：print
删除分区：rm [partition]
举例1：查看分区表
[root@bogon ~]# parted /dev/sda print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system 标志
1 32.3kB 107MB 107MB 主分区 ext3 启动
2 107MB 10.6GB 10.5GB 主分区 ext3
3 10.6GB 15.8GB 5240MB 主分区 ext3
4 15.8GB 21.5GB 5634MB 扩展分区
5 15.8GB 16.9GB 1045MB 逻辑分区 linux-swap
信息: 如果必要，不要忘记更新 /etc/fstab。
通过以上信息可以看出，扩展分区到21.5G，逻辑分区使用到16.9G，那么16.9G~21.5G只部分空间还为被使用（未被分区）
举例2：新增分区
[root@bogon ~]# parted /dev/sda mkpart logical ext3 16.9G 18.9G
信息: 如果必要，不要忘记更新 /etc/fstab。
[root@bogon ~]# parted /dev/sda print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system 标志
1 32.3kB 107MB 107MB 主分区 ext3 启动
2 107MB 10.6GB 10.5GB 主分区 ext3
3 10.6GB 15.8GB 5240MB 主分区 ext3
4 15.8GB 21.5GB 5634MB 扩展分区
5 15.8GB 16.9GB 1045MB 逻辑分区 linux-swap
6 16.9GB 18.9GB 2023MB 逻辑分区
举例3：删除分区
[root@bogon ~]# parted /dev/sda rm 6
信息: 如果必要，不要忘记更新 /etc/fstab。
[root@bogon ~]# parted /dev/sda print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system 标志
1 32.3kB 107MB 107MB 主分区 ext3 启动
2 107MB 10.6GB 10.5GB 主分区 ext3
3 10.6GB 15.8GB 5240MB 主分区 ext3
4 15.8GB 21.5GB 5634MB 扩展分区
5 15.8GB 16.9GB 1045MB 逻辑分区 linux-swap
信息: 如果必要，不要忘记更新 /etc/fstab。
说明：parted分区提交即执行，因此使用起来需小心