客户端
综述
twisted是一个设计非常灵活的框架,通过它可以写出功能强大的客户端,然而要在代码中使用非常多的层次结构。这个文档包括创建用于TCP,SSL和Unix sockets的客户端
在 底层,实际上完成协议语法和处理的是Protocol类。这个类通常是来自于twisted.internet.protocol.Protocol。大 多数的protocol handlers继承自这个类或它的子类。protocol类的一个实例将在你连接到服务器时被初始化,在断开连接时结束。这意味着持久的配置不会被保存 在Protocol中。
持久的配置将会保存在Factory类中,它通常继承自 twisted.internet.protocol.Factory(或者 twisted.internet.protocol.ClientFactory)。默认的factory类仅仅实例化Protocol,并且设置 factory属性指向自己。这使得Protocol可以访问、修改和持久配置。
Protocol
这个类将会是代码中使用最多的类,是twisted异步处理数据的一个协议,这意味着这个协议从不等待一个事件,它只是响应从网络中到来的事件。
下面是一个简单的例子:
from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol from sys import stdout class Echo(protocol): def dataReceived(self,data): stdout.write(data)
这是一个简单的例子,将从连接进来的程序读到的数据显示到标准输出上。下面的例子中Protocol会相应另外一个事件:
from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol class WelcomeMessage(Protocol): def connectionMade(self): self.transport.write("Hello server, I am the client!\r\n") self.transport.loseConnection()
这个协议连接到服务器,发送一条消息,然后关闭连接。
这个connectionMade通常在Protocol对象出现时创建,connectionLost在Protocol断开时创建。
简单的,单用户客户端
大多数情况,protocol仅需要连接服务器一次,并且代码只是想获得一个protocol的连接实例。正是由于这些原因,twisted.internet.endpoints提供了一些合适的API,特别是其中的connectProtocol提供了一个protocol实例而不是factory。
from twisted.internet import reactor from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol from twisted.internet.endpoints import TCP4ClientEndpoint,connectProtocol class Greeter(Protocol): def sendMessage(self, msg): self.transport.write("Message %s\n" % msg) def gotProtocol(p): p.sendMessage("Hello") reactor.callLater(1, p.sendMessage, "This is sent in a second") reactor.callLater(2, p.transport.loseConnection) point = TCP4ClientEndpoint(reactor, "localhost", 1234) d = connectProtocol(point, Greeter()) d.addCallback(gotProtocol) reactor.run()
ClientFactory
from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol, ClientFactory from sys import stdout class Echo(Protocol): def dataReceived(self, connector): stdout.write(data) class EchoClientFactory(ClientFactory): def startedConnecting(self, connector): print 'Started to connect.' def buildProtocol(self, addr): print 'Connected' return Echo() def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason): print 'Lost connection. Reason', reason def clientConnectionFaild(self, connector, reason): print 'Connection failded. Reason', reason
要连接这个EchoClientFactory到一个服务器上,可以使用下面的代码:
from twisted.internet import reactor reactor.connectTCP(host, port, EchoClientFactory()) reactor.run()
注意:函数connectConnectionFailed在连接不
能established别调用,而clientConnectionLost在连接完成并且断开时被调用。
Reactor Client APIs
connectTCP
IReactorTCP.connectTCP 提供对IPV4和IPV6客户端的支持,它接收的host参数可以是主机名,也可以是IP地址,在连接之前reactor会自动的将主机名解析为IP地址。这也意味着如果一个主机名有多个IP地址解析时,重新连接时不一定总是能连接到相同的主机。这说明在每次连接之前都会进行域名解析。如果创建了很多短连接(每秒几百次或几千次),它会首先将主机名解析为IP地址,然后将地址传给connectTCP。
Reconnection
通常,当一个客户端连接因为网络问题中断的时候,在断开之后一个重新连接的方法叫做connector.connect()
from twisted.internet.protocol import ClientFactory class EchoClientFactory(ClientFactory): def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason): connector.connect()
当连接出错,同时factory收到一个clientConnectionLost的事件通知时,factory通过调用connector.connect()来重新启动一个连接。然而,大多数程序想要实现重连这个功能应该实现ReconnectingClientFactory,下面是一个通过ReconnectingClientFactory实现的Echo protocol:
from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol, ReconnectingClientFactory from sys import stdout class Echo(Protocol): def dataReceived(self, data): stdout.write(data) class EchoClientFactory(ReconnectingClientFactory): def startedConnecting(self, connector): print 'Started to connect' def buildProtocol(self, addr): print 'Connected' print 'Reseting reconnection delay' self.resetDelay() return Echo() def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason): print 'Lost connection. Reason:', reason ReconnectingClientFactory.clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason) def clientConnectionFailded(self, connector, reason): print 'Connection failded. Reason:', reason ReconnectingClientFactory.clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason)
高级例子:ircLogBot
上面客户端的例子都很简单,下面是一个更加复杂的例子
ircLogBot.py
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.# See LICENSE for details."""An example IRC log bot - logs a channel's events to a file.If someone says the bot's name in the channel followed by a ':',e.g. <foo> logbot: hello!the bot will reply: <logbot> foo: I am a log botRun this script with two arguments, the channel name the bot shouldconnect to, and file to log to, e.g.: $ python ircLogBot.py test test.logwill log channel #test to the file 'test.log'.To run the script: $ python ircLogBot.py <channel> <file>"""# twisted importsfrom twisted.words.protocols import ircfrom twisted.internet import reactor, protocolfrom twisted.python import log# system importsimport time, sysclass MessageLogger: """ An independent logger class (because separation of application and protocol logic is a good thing). """ def __init__(self, file): self.file = file def log(self, message): """Write a message to the file.""" timestamp = time.strftime("[%H:%M:%S]", time.localtime(time.time())) self.file.write('%s %s\n' % (timestamp, message)) self.file.flush() def close(self): self.file.close()class LogBot(irc.IRCClient): """A logging IRC bot.""" nickname = "twistedbot" def connectionMade(self): irc.IRCClient.connectionMade(self) self.logger = MessageLogger(open(self.factory.filename, "a")) self.logger.log("[connected at %s]" % time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time()))) def connectionLost(self, reason): irc.IRCClient.connectionLost(self, reason) self.logger.log("[disconnected at %s]" % time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time()))) self.logger.close() # callbacks for events def signedOn(self): """Called when bot has succesfully signed on to server.""" self.join(self.factory.channel) def joined(self, channel): """This will get called when the bot joins the channel.""" self.logger.log("[I have joined %s]" % channel) def privmsg(self, user, channel, msg): """This will get called when the bot receives a message.""" user = user.split('!', 1)[0] self.logger.log("<%s> %s" % (user, msg)) # Check to see if they're sending me a private message if channel == self.nickname: msg = "It isn't nice to whisper! Play nice with the group." self.msg(user, msg) return # Otherwise check to see if it is a message directed at me if msg.startswith(self.nickname + ":"): msg = "%s: I am a log bot" % user self.msg(channel, msg) self.logger.log("<%s> %s" % (self.nickname, msg)) def action(self, user, channel, msg): """This will get called when the bot sees someone do an action.""" user = user.split('!', 1)[0] self.logger.log("* %s %s" % (user, msg)) # irc callbacks def irc_NICK(self, prefix, params): """Called when an IRC user changes their nickname.""" old_nick = prefix.split('!')[0] new_nick = params[0] self.logger.log("%s is now known as %s" % (old_nick, new_nick)) # For fun, override the method that determines how a nickname is changed on # collisions. The default method appends an underscore. def alterCollidedNick(self, nickname): """ Generate an altered version of a nickname that caused a collision in an effort to create an unused related name for subsequent registration. """ return nickname + '^'class LogBotFactory(protocol.ClientFactory): """A factory for LogBots. A new protocol instance will be created each time we connect to the server. """ def __init__(self, channel, filename): self.channel = channel self.filename = filename def buildProtocol(self, addr): p = LogBot() p.factory = self return p def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason): """If we get disconnected, reconnect to server.""" connector.connect() def clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason): print "connection failed:", reason reactor.stop()if __name__ == '__main__': # initialize logging log.startLogging(sys.stdout) # create factory protocol and application f = LogBotFactory(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2]) # connect factory to this host and port reactor.connectTCP("irc.freenode.net", 6667, f) # run bot reactor.run()
ircLogBot.py 连接到一个IRC服务器,连接一个通道,所有的日志和通信通过它传送到一个文件。
Persistent Data in the Factory
由于Protocol实例在每次连接建立的时候都会重新创建,客户端需要对一些需要持久连接的数据进行追踪。
from twisted.woeds.protocols import irc from twisted.internet import protocol class LogBot(irc.IRCClient): def connectionMade(self): irc.IRCClient.connectionMade(self) self.logger = MessageLogger(open(self.factory.filename, "a")) self.log.log("[connected at %s]" % time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time()))) def signedOn(self): self.join(self.factory.channel) class LogBotFactory(protocol.ClientFactory): def __init__(self, channel, filename): self.channel = channel self.filename = filename def buildProtocol(self, addr): p = LogBot() p.factory = self return p
当protocol创建时,会得到一个factory的引用self.factory,它能访问factory的属性。在logBot的例子中,它打开文件并连接到存储在factory中的通道。
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