SQL调优:带函数的谓词导致CBO Cardinality计算误差

今天处理了这样一问题，where条件中存在函数fun(date)<to_date('9999-01-01','YYYY-MM-DD')这样的无实际意义谓词，导致CBO计算基数时cardinality远小于实际情况，导致优化器认为2个源数据集的基数都不大，从而选择了HASH JOIN Right SEMI+SORT ORDER BY的执行计划，但是由于实际基数远大于computed 计算值所以变成了大的数据集做HASH JOIN并全数据排序，而实际该SQL只要求返回几十行数据而已，使用NESTED LOOP SEMI JOIN可以立即返回排序的前20行数据。 这里就需要解释带函数的谓词时CBO如何计算基数，我们通过下面的例子来说明:    

create or replace function check_date( RDATE in date)  return date is
begin
IF rdate< to_date('2099-01-01','YYYY-MM-DD') then   return rdate;   ELSIF  rdate >=to_date('2099-01-01','YYYY-MM-DD') then
 return to_date('2000-01-01');
 end if;
 end check_date;
 /

 SQL> select check_date (sysdate) from dual;

CHECK_DAT
---------
06-DEC-12

drop table tab1;

SQL> create table tab1 tablespace users as select * from dba_objects where rownum create view vtab1 as select object_id as id , object_name as name, object_type as type , check_date(created) cdata from tab1;

View created.

SQL> select count(distinct cdata) from vtab1;

COUNT(DISTINCTCDATA)
--------------------
                 130

SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('','TAB1', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 254');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

    因为我们指定收集了直方图所以若直接以"created"为条件查询时可以获得较好的计算基数

   SQL> select count(*) from tab1 where  created  >= to_date('0001-10-10','YYYY-MM-DD');

  COUNT(*)
----------
     10000

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1117438016

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |      |     1 |     8 |    40   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE    |      |     1 |     8 |            |          |
|*  2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| TAB1 | 10000 | 80000 |    40   (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - filter("CREATED">=TO_DATE(' 0001-10-10 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd
              hh24:mi:ss'))

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          1  recursive calls
          0  db block gets
        133  consistent gets
          0  physical reads
          0  redo size
        526  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        523  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0  sorts (memory)
          0  sorts (disk)
          1  rows processed

    在以上查询中>= to_date('0001-10-10','YYYY-MM-DD'); 这样的过滤条件实际无意义，在直接使用 "created"列作为谓词的情况下，CBO可以获得很好的基数10000。    

SQL> select * from TABLE(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(NULL,NULL,'ALLSTATS LAST'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID  6zy2k9dy4cv73, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select /*+ gather_plan_statistics */ count(*) from vtab1 where  cdata
>= to_date('0001-10-10','YYYY-MM-DD')

Plan hash value: 1117438016

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows |   A-Time   | Buffers |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |      |      1 |        |      1 |00:00:00.25 |     154 |
|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE    |      |      1 |      1 |      1 |00:00:00.25 |     154 |
|*  2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| TAB1 |      1 |    500 |  10000 |00:00:00.31 |     154 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - filter("CHECK_DATE"("CREATED")>=TO_DATE(' 0001-10-10 00:00:00',
              'syyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))

21 rows selected.

    通过gather_plan_statistics HINT，我们得到E-Rows 即CBO评估的基数，和 A-Rows实际的基数，可以看到这里E-Rows=500， 即在谓词左边存在使用内部函数或隐身装换的情况下，CBO无法通过现有统计信息的DISTINCT、DENSITY和HISTOGRAM获得较好的Cardinality，其基数总是统计信息中表的总行数/20，如上例中的 10000/20=500。 这就会引入不少的麻烦，因为开发人员有时候为了方便会在视图字段中嵌入自定义的函数，之后若在查询中使用该字段作为谓词条件，则可能导致CBO为相应表计算的基数偏少，是本身应当成本非常高的执行计划的COST变低，而容易被优化器选择。 对于上述问题可选的常见方案是若有这样问题的SQL较少则考虑加HINT或者SQL PROFILE，若较多还是需要考虑减少这种谓词左边有函数的现象。 implicit data_type conversion functions in Filter Predicates. Review Execution Plans. If Filter Predicatesinclude unexpected INTERNAL_FUNCTION to perform an implicit data_type conversion, be sure it is not preventing a column from being used as an Access Predicate.