Linux上挂载新硬盘详解

（一）查看硬盘分布和对新硬盘进行分区

[root@cncmail data1]# fdisk -l ## 这里是查看目前系统上有几块硬盘

Disk /dev/sda: 36.4 GB, 36401479680 bytes 
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4425 cylinders 
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 
/dev/sda1 * 1 255 2048256 83 Linux 
/dev/sda2 256 1530 10241437+ 83 Linux 
/dev/sda3 4296 4425 1044225 82 Linux swap 
/dev/sda4 1531 4295 22209862+ f Win95 Ext'd (LBA) 
/dev/sda5 1531 2805 10241406 83 Linux 
/dev/sda6 2806 4295 11968393+ 83 Linux

Partition table entries are not in disk order

Disk /dev/sdb : 36.7 GB, 36703918080 bytes ## 这里发现/dev/sdb，容量36.7G，切未被分区，如果是VM可查看后台这个路径分区是否与系统内一致。 
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4462 cylinders 
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table 
[root@linux root]# fdisk /dev/sdb ## 接下去就对/dev/sdb分区进行分区

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 4462. 
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, 
and could in certain setups cause problems with: 
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO) 
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs 
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): m 
Command action 
a toggle a bootable flag 
b edit bsd disklabel 
c toggle the dos compatibility flag 
d delete a partition 
l list known partition types 
m print this menu 
n add a new partition 
o create a new empty DOS partition table 
p print the partition table 
q quit without saving changes 
s create a new empty Sun disklabel 
t change a partition's system id 
u change display/entry units 
v verify the partition table 
w write table to disk and exit 
x extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): p ## 打印出目前该硬盘下的分区列表

Disk /dev/sdb: 36.7 GB, 36703918080 bytes 
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4462 cylinders 
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

Command (m for help): n ## 增加一个分区 
Command action 
e extended 
p primary partition (1-4) 
## 因为通常选择主分区，所以这里打一个p 
p 
Partition number (1-4): 1 ## 这里因为是第一个分区，所以只选择1，如果是第二个分区，则选择2,依次类推 
First cylinder (1-4462, default 1): ## 新分区起始的磁盘块数，直接回车 
Using default value 1 
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-4462, default 4462): 
如果要分区10G，这里可以直接输入：+10240M，因为这里要全部使用硬盘空间，则用默认回车
Using default value 4462

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 36.7 GB, 36703918080 bytes 
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4462 cylinders 
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 
/dev/sdb1 1 4462 35840983+ 83 Linux 
## 这里第一个分区已经分好了，/dev/sdb 变成 /dev/sdb1  ，接下去得把这个分区写入硬盘，用w 
Command (m for help): w 
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. 
Syncing disks.

（二） 下面的工作就是对该硬盘进行格式 ，我这里是格式化成ext3 
[root@linux root]# mke2fs -j /dev/sdb1      ## 这里也是sdb1
mke2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002) 
Filesystem label= 
OS type: Linux 
Block size=4096 (log=2) 
Fragment size=4096 (log=2) 
4480448 inodes, 8960245 blocks 
448012 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 
First data block=0 
274 block groups 
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 
16352 inodes per group 
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
4096000, 7962624

Writing inode tables: done 
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done 
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 23 mounts or 
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

检查一下，是否已经格式话好 
[root@linux root]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 36.4 GB, 36401479680 bytes 
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4425 cylinders 
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 
/dev/sda1 * 1 255 2048256 83 Linux 
/dev/sda2 256 1530 10241437+ 83 Linux 
/dev/sda3 4296 4425 1044225 82 Linux swap 
/dev/sda4 1531 4295 22209862+ f Win95 Ext'd (LBA) 
/dev/sda5 1531 2805 10241406 83 Linux 
/dev/sda6 2806 4295 11968393+ 83 Linux

Partition table entries are not in disk order

Disk /dev/sdb: 36.7 GB, 36703918080 bytes 
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4462 cylinders 
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 
/dev/sdb1 1 4462 35840983+ 83 Linux

 

（三）分区分好，也格式化好了，下面就是挂载

我把/dev/sdb1挂载到/data1下 
[root@linux root]# mkdir /data1  ## 首先建立挂载的目录data1 
[root@linux root]# vi /etc/fstab ## 
修改/etc/fstab，使系统启动就可以自动挂载，当然也可以用mount命令，这里我习惯用这个 (用mount不用重启)！

LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1 
LABEL=/bak /bak ext3 defaults,quota 1 2 
/dev/sdb1 /data1 ext3 defaults 1 2  #加这个就行了，可加到最后一行，应该加哪里都行
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 
none /proc proc defaults 0 0 
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 
LABEL=/usr /usr ext3 defaults 1 2 
LABEL=/var /var ext3 defaults 1 2 
/dev/sda3 swap swap defaults 0 0 
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0 
/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0

添加完新的启动自动挂载分区sdb1，保存退出“wq!”

把系统重起一下  reboot 

查看是否挂载成功： 
[root@linux data1]# df -h 
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 
/dev/sda1 2.0G 454M 1.4G 25% / 
/dev/sda6 12G 53M 11G 1% /bak 
/dev/sdb1 34G 33M 32G 1% /data1 
none 250M 0 250M 0% /dev/shm 
/dev/sda2 9.7G 1.5G 7.7G 17% /usr 
/dev/sda5 9.7G 8.6G 559M 95% /var

这里看到/dev/sda6 12G 53M 11G 1% /bak 
说明已经挂载成功，