使用cobbler自动化安装操作系统
使用cobbler自动化安装操作系统
cobbler是一个自动化安装操作系统的软件，字面意思为 补鞋匠，即连补鞋匠都可以使用它来自动安装操作系统了，cobbler一出，谁与争锋！直接把运维人员赖以装逼的以kickstat+PXE无人值守自动安装操作系统的能力从本科大专水平拉底到了初中文化水平。
cobbler的实质也是依靠kickstat+PXE，但是集合了kickstart dchp tftp sync 等工具，不在像以前那样要启动N个服务配置繁琐复杂，cobbler使一切都变得那么简单。
1 安装，cobbler的安装非常方便，直接使用yum安装即可
yum install cobbler cobbler-web dhcp tftp-server pykickstart httpd xinetd -y
2 启动服务并下载cobbler工具
yum安装好httpd 和cobbler后，会自动启动httpd服务和cobbler服务，直接执行cobbler get-loaders即可。
若不执行此操作，则下一步检查时会报错。若下载失败，重启cobbler
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler get-loaders task started: 2015-11-29_140933_get_loaders task started (id=Download Bootloader Content, time=Sun Nov 29 14:09:33 2015) downloading http://cobbler.github.com/loaders/README to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/README downloading http://cobbler.github.com/loaders/COPYING.elilo to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/COPYING.elilo downloading http://cobbler.github.com/loaders/COPYING.yaboot to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/COPYING.yaboot downloading http://cobbler.github.com/loaders/COPYING.syslinux to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/COPYING.syslinux downloading http://cobbler.github.com/loaders/elilo-3.8-ia64.efi to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/elilo-ia64.efi downloading http://cobbler.github.com/loaders/yaboot-1.3.17 to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/yaboot downloading http://cobbler.github.com/loaders/pxelinux.0-3.86 to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/pxelinux.0 downloading http://cobbler.github.com/loaders/menu.c32-3.86 to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/menu.c32 downloading http://cobbler.github.com/loaders/grub-0.97-x86.efi to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86.efi downloading http://cobbler.github.com/loaders/grub-0.97-x86_64.efi to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86_64.efi
*** TASK COMPLETE ***
出现 TASK COMPLETE表示下载头文件成功。
3 执行检查：并且按照提示解决相关的错误
[root@linux-node3 ~]# cobbler check The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix: 1 : The ‘server’ field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work. This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it. ###需要更改/etc/cobbler/settings 中的server 384行左右 2 : For PXE to be functional, the ‘next_server’ field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network. #更改/etc/cobbler/settings next_server 272行 3 : SELinux is enabled. Please review the following wiki page for details on ensuring cobbler works correctly in your SELinux environment: https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/wiki/Selinux #关闭selinux 4 : change ‘disable’ to ‘no’ in /etc/xinetd.d/tftp #修改该配置文件,把 disable = yes 改为 disable = no 5 : change ‘disable’ to ‘no’ in /etc/xinetd.d/rsync #修改该配置文件，把disable = yes 改为 disable = no 6 : since iptables may be running, ensure 69, 80/443, and 25151 are unblocked ###若防火墙开启，确保如上端口开启
7 : reposync is not installed, need for cobbler reposync, install/upgrade yum-utils? #若使用rsync来同步镜像，请下载安装该服务（本次使用本地镜像。忽略此行） 8 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories #若要自动安装的系统为debian，需要安装debmirror 9 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to ‘cobbler’ and should be changed, try: “openssl passwd -1 -salt ‘random-phrase-here’ ‘your-password-here'” to generate new one #更改root登陆的默认密码，将生成的值替换/etc/cobbler/settings中的101行的 default_password_crypted: “$1$sfUMbZwj$ddMdQwMcNwRdHVPqfBhTr.” Restart cobblerd and then run ‘cobbler sync’ to apply changes.y # 修改完后，重启cobbler 并执行 cobbler sync 同步。
（依次安装如上的提示，把该修改的地方都修改掉，然后重启cobbler服务,执行cobbler sync就OK了）
/etc/cobbler/settings配置文件需更改的地方：
101 default_password_crypted: “$1$sfUMbZwj$ddMdQwMcNwRdHVPqfBhTr.” 242 manage_dhcp: 1 246 manage_dns: 0 258 manage_tftpd: 1 272 next_server: 10.0.0.10 292 pxe_just_once: 1 358 restart_dns: 1 359 restart_dhcp: 1 384 server: 10.0.0.10
注意 cobbler的配置文件遵循YAML语法，注意冒号后面要有空格（saltstack也是YAML语法）
启动cobbler管理tftp
vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp disable = yes #改为 disalber = no
修改cobbler默认密码（我这里改为123456）
[root@linux-node1 ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt ‘cobbler123456’ ‘123456’ $1$cobbler1$Lbn6lbZ9LrAjJdHWPjJO60
4 修改由cobbler管理的dhcp服务的配置文件
vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template
subnet 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { #修改子网的IP和子网掩码
option routers 10.0.0.2; #修改默认网关/路由地址
option domain-name-servers 10.0.0.1; #修改DNS地址
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; #修改子网掩码
range dynamic-bootp 10.0.0.200 10.0.0.254; #DHCP地址池范围
default-lease-time 21600;
max-lease-time 43200;
next-server $next_server;
} #部分内容省略，其他地方不需要修改。
5 导入iso镜像
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt # 将光驱挂载到指定的目录 cobbler import -path=/mnt/ -name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 -arch=x86_64 #cobbler导入镜像文件 cobbler distro list # cobbler查看导入的镜像
6 上传自定义的kickstart启动文件并设置为默认。
cobbler profile report命令可以查看到已生成的profile信息和该profile使用默认的kickstart文件。
cd /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/ # cobbler默认的启动文件存放路径 rz -y # 上传自定义启动文件CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg cobbler profile list # 查看profile列表 CentOS-7.1-x86_64 cobbler profile report # 查看profile详细信息（可显示默认的kickstart文件）
补充：centos7默认情况下网卡的命名与centos6不一样，为了方便和统一标准化，需要修改一下内核参数，对应的profile里面的�Ckopts选项。(cobbler profile edit -h看帮助)
cobbler profile edit -name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 \ -kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg #修改默认的kickstart文件 cobbler profile edit -name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 -kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0' #修改内核参数，使网卡命名规则为eth0、eth1
7 #修改Cobbler节目时的提示（此步骤可选，因为若有操作8，则修改了也看不到，会自动安装不再提示）
vim /etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.template
8 通过采集到的MAC地址，给主机分配角色和IP（自动化部署的关键）（MAC地址可以从虚拟机的网卡获得或是供应商供货清单提供）
cobbler system 可以理解为：为指定的系统选择一个角色（man cobbler）
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler system add \ -name=nginx \ -mac=00:0C:29:21:04:C9 \ -profile=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 \ -ip-address=10.0.0.222 \ -subnet=255.255.255.0 \ -gateway=10.0.0.2 \ -interface=eth0 \ -static=1 \ -hostname=linux-node222.example.com \ -name-servers="114.114.114.114,8.8.8.8″
上面配置的意思是：添加一个角色，名字为nginx，指定MAC地址为00:0C:29:21:04:C9的主机分配该角色，并指定profile文件，IP hostname等，这样，当MAC地址为00:0C:29:21:04:C9的主机在从网络启动后，cobbler就会自动按照system分配的角色来进行安装，不再进行任何界面的提示和等待。
9 重启cobbler服务并进行同步相关配置
/etc/init.d/xinetd restart /etc/init.d/httpd restart /etc/init.d/cobbler restart cobbler sync
10 至此，cobbler配置完成。（若简单安装，则7步 8步不需要）
开启一台虚拟机，配置为从网络启动,即可实现无人值守自动安装linux系统（windows系统）
11 cobbler主机 动态观察系统日志，以更好的了解整个过程中，cobbler都做了哪些操作
tail -f /var/log/message
本文出自 “linux飞龙在天” 博客，转载请与作者联系！