EF里查看/修改实体的当前值、原始值和数据库值以及重写SaveChanges方法记录实体状态

本文目录

  • 查看实体当前、原始和数据库值:DbEntityEntry
  • 查看实体的某个属性值:GetValue<TValue>方法
  • 拷贝DbPropertyValues到实体:ToObject方法
  • 修改DbPropertyValues当前值:索引器
  • 克隆实体:Clone方法
  • 设置实体的值:SetValues方法
  • 克隆实体:SetValues
  • 获取和设置实体的单个属性:Property方法
  • 查询实体的属性是否被修改:IsModified方法
  • 修改导航属性
  • 重新加载实体:Reload方法
  • 读取相关联的实体和状态:DbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries方法
  • EF里如何解决更新时的冲突
  • 重写上下文的SaveChanges方法记录结果集里实体的各种增/删/改
  • 本文源码和系列文章导航

文章开始前建议大家为了更好的记忆最好自己实现文中的所有方法。如果非要直接运行我的demo,必要的时候需要恢复下数据库数据,否则找不到记录。

之前的章节已经演示了context.Entry方法可以拿到实体的状态(EntityState),来看一个方法:

        /// <summary>
        /// 单个实体的状态
        /// </summary>
        private static void PrintState()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var canyon = (from d in context.Destinations
                              where d.Name == "Grand Canyon"
                              select d).Single();
                DbEntityEntry<DbContexts.Model.Destination> entry = context.Entry(canyon);
                Console.WriteLine("Before Edit:{0}", entry.State);   //Unchaged

                canyon.TravelWarnings = "Take a lot of Water!";
                DbEntityEntry<DbContexts.Model.Destination> entrys = context.Entry(canyon);

Console.WriteLine(
"After Edit:{0}", entrys.State); //Modified } }

context.Entry方法有两个重载,分别返回泛型DbEntityEntry<TEntity>和非泛型的DbEntityEntry,它们都可以监测到实体的状态,并且通过DbEntityEntry还可以操作实体的当前值、原始值和数据库值。分别是:

  • 当前值(Current Value):程序里设置实体属性的值(在内存中,还没提交数据库);
  • 原始值(Original Value):被数据库上下文跟踪到时的值(程序取出数据库的值,可能不是最新的);
  • 数据库值(Database Value):数据库里的值(此时此刻数据库里最新的值)

来看一个例子:

        /// <summary>
        /// 打印实体当前、原始和数据库值
        /// </summary>
        private static void PrintLodgingInfo()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
                             where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
                             select d).Single();
                hotel.Name = "Super Grand Hotel";
                context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(@"UPDATE Lodgings SET Name = 'Not-So-Grand Hotel' WHERE Name = 'Grand Hotel'");
                PrintChangeTrackingInfo(context, hotel);
            }
        }
        private static void PrintChangeTrackingInfo(DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext context, DbContexts.Model.Lodging entity)
        {
            var entry = context.Entry(entity);
            Console.WriteLine(entry.Entity.Name);
            Console.WriteLine("State: {0}", entry.State);

            Console.WriteLine("\nCurrent Values:");
            PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues);

            Console.WriteLine("\nOriginal Values:");
            PrintPropertyValues(entry.OriginalValues);

            Console.WriteLine("\nDatabase Values:");
            PrintPropertyValues(entry.GetDatabaseValues());
        }
        private static void PrintPropertyValues(DbPropertyValues values)
        {
            foreach (var propertyName in values.PropertyNames)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(" - {0}: {1}", propertyName, values[propertyName]);
            }
        }

方法分析:先从数据库取出一个实体,然后修改其Name属性,这个时候当前值(Current)和原始值(Original)都有了,分别是:修改后的值(还没提交,在内存中)和从库里取出来时实体的值。再使用Database.ExecuteSqlCommand执行了一段修改此对象在数据库中的值,这个时候数据库值(Database)也有了变化,这个实体的三个值都不相同了。还没看到打印结果,在执行entry.GetDatabaseValues()方法时报了一个EntitySqlException错:

EF里查看/修改实体的当前值、原始值和数据库值以及重写SaveChanges方法记录实体状态_第1张图片

找不到类型DbContexts.DataAccess.Lodging,项目的Lodging实体明明在DbContexts.Model.Lodging命名空间下,反复检查代码没发现任何问题,报这个错真是很疑惑。最后通过搜索引擎才知道这是EF4.1/4.2版本的一个bug,解决办法:修改实体和上下文到一个命名空间,或者使用EF4.3 release。看看本书作者Julie Lerman在msdn论坛上关于此bug的回复

换成4.3版本的EF问题就立马解决了(源码的libs目录下提供了EF4.3)。看下打印的结果:

结果分析:当前值为方法里修改的值、原始值是从数据库取出未做任何操作的值、数据库值是此时数据库里的值。当然新添加的实体不会有原始值和数据库值、删除的实体也不会有当前值,利用EntityState完善下方法:

        private static void PrintChangeTrackingInfo(DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext context, DbContexts.Model.Lodging entity)
        {
            var entry = context.Entry(entity);
            Console.WriteLine(entry.Entity.Name);
            Console.WriteLine("State: {0}", entry.State);

            if (entry.State != EntityState.Deleted)   //标记删除的实体不会有当前值
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\nCurrent Values:");
                PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues);
            }
            if (entry.State != EntityState.Added)   //新添加的时候不会有原始值和数据库值
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\nOriginal Values:");
                PrintPropertyValues(entry.OriginalValues);
                Console.WriteLine("\nDatabase Values:");
                PrintPropertyValues(entry.GetDatabaseValues());
            }
        }

为了测试重写下PrintLodgingInfo方法:

        /// <summary>
        /// 测试打印添加和删除时实体当前、原始和数据库值
        /// </summary>
        private static void PrintLodgingInfoAddAndDelete()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
                             where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
                             select d).Single();
                PrintChangeTrackingInfo(context, hotel);   //默认

                var davesDump = (from d in context.Lodgings
                                 where d.Name == "Dave's Dump"
                                 select d).Single();
                context.Lodgings.Remove(davesDump);
                PrintChangeTrackingInfo(context, davesDump);   //测试删除实体

                var newMotel = new DbContexts.Model.Lodging { Name = "New Motel" };
                context.Lodgings.Add(newMotel);
                PrintChangeTrackingInfo(context, newMotel);  //测试新添加实体
            }
        }

当然上面打印实体类型的方法并不通用,修改第二个参数为object类型:

        /// <summary>
        /// 通用的打印实体方法
        /// </summary>
        private static void PrintChangeTrackingInfo(DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext context, object entity)
        {
            var entry = context.Entry(entity);
            Console.WriteLine("Type:{0}", entry.Entity.GetType());   //打印实体类型
            Console.WriteLine("State: {0}", entry.State);

            if (entry.State != EntityState.Deleted)   //标记删除的实体不会有当前值
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\nCurrent Values:");
                PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues);
            }
            if (entry.State != EntityState.Added)   //新添加的时候不会有原始值和数据库值
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\nOriginal Values:");
                PrintPropertyValues(entry.OriginalValues);
                Console.WriteLine("\nDatabase Values:");
                PrintPropertyValues(entry.GetDatabaseValues());
            }
        }

看看打印结果:

之前打印实体的各种属性都是通过遍历的形式(PrintPropertyValues方法)打印出来,如果仅取某个字段当然没必要这么麻烦,可以使用GetValue<TValue>:

        /// <summary>
        /// 打印实体单个属性
        /// </summary>
        private static void PrintOriginalName()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
                             where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
                             select d).Single();
                hotel.Name = "Super Grand Hotel";
                string originalName = context.Entry(hotel).OriginalValues.GetValue<string>("Name");

                Console.WriteLine("Current Name: {0}", hotel.Name);  //Super Grand Hotel
                Console.WriteLine("Original Name: {0}", originalName);  //Grand Hotel
            }
        }

拷贝DbPropertyValues到实体:ToObject方法

        /// <summary>
        /// 拷贝DbPropertyValues到实体:ToObject方法
        /// </summary>
        private static void TestPrintDestination()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var reef = (from d in context.Destinations
                            where d.Name == "Great Barrier Reef"
                            select d).Single();
                reef.TravelWarnings = "Watch out for sharks!";
                Console.WriteLine("Current Values");
                PrintDestination(reef);

                Console.WriteLine("\nDatabase Values");
                DbPropertyValues dbValues = context.Entry(reef).GetDatabaseValues();
                PrintDestination((DbContexts.Model.Destination)dbValues.ToObject());  //ToObject方法创建Destination实例
            }
        }
        private static void PrintDestination(DbContexts.Model.Destination destination)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("-- {0}, {1} --", destination.Name, destination.Country);
            Console.WriteLine(destination.Description);
            if (destination.TravelWarnings != null)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("WARNINGS!: {0}", destination.TravelWarnings);
            }
        }

方法分析:从Destination表里取出Name为Great Barrier Reef的实体并修改其TravelWarnings字段,然后调用PrintDestination方法打印当前实体的各属性,再查出此实体在数据库里的值,并且通过ToObject方法把数据库取出来的这个对象也转换成了实体对象。这么转有什么好处呢?这个通过ToObject转换的Destination实例不会被数据库上下文追踪,所以对其做的任何改变都不会提交数据库。看看打印结果:

修改DbPropertyValues当前值:

调用上下文的Entry方法,传入要操作的实体对象,再打点就可以拿到实体的当前值(CurrentValues)、原始值(OriginalValues)、数据库值(GetDatabaseValues()),返回类型是DbPropertyValues,直接遍历就可以输出实体的所有属性。当然DbPropertyValues并不是只读的。写个方法修改试试:

        /// <summary>
        /// 修改DbPropertyValues当前值
        /// </summary>
        private static void ChangeCurrentValue()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
                             where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
                             select d).Single();
                context.Entry(hotel).CurrentValues["Name"] = "Hotel Pretentious";
                Console.WriteLine("Property Value: {0}", hotel.Name);
                Console.WriteLine("State: {0}", context.Entry(hotel).State);  //Modified
            }
        }

类似于索引器的方式赋值即可,赋值后实体的状态已经是Modified了,显然已经被上下文追踪到了,这个时候调用上下文的SaveChanges方法将会提交到数据库。那么如果只是想打印和修改实体状态以供查看,并不像被提交到数据库怎么办?


最好的办法就是克隆,先克隆实体然后操作克隆之后的实体:

        /// <summary>
        /// 克隆实体:Clone
        /// </summary>
        private static void CloneCurrentValues()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
                             where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
                             select d).Single();
                var values = context.Entry(hotel).CurrentValues.Clone();  //Clone方法
                values["Name"] = "Simple Hotel";
                Console.WriteLine("Property Value: {0}", hotel.Name);
                Console.WriteLine("State: {0}", context.Entry(hotel).State);  //Unchanged
            }
        }

设置实体的值:SetValues方法

当然实体的当前值、原始值和数据库值都是可以相互复制的:

        /// <summary>
        /// 设置实体的值:SetValues方法
        /// </summary>
        private static void UndoEdits()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var canyon = (from d in context.Destinations
                              where d.Name == "Grand Canyon"
                              select d).Single();
                canyon.Name = "Bigger & Better Canyon";

                var entry = context.Entry(canyon);
                entry.CurrentValues.SetValues(entry.OriginalValues);
                entry.State = EntityState.Unchanged;  //标记未修改

                Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}", canyon.Name); //Grand Canyon
            }
        }

上面的方法演示了拷贝原始值到当前值,最终保存的是当前值。很方便,不需要挨个赋值。

再看看如何使用SetValues方法实现之前说的克隆实体:

        /// <summary>
        /// 克隆实体:SetValues
        /// </summary>
        private static void CreateDavesCampsite()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var davesDump = (from d in context.Lodgings
                                 where d.Name == "Dave's Dump"
                                 select d).Single();
                var clone = new DbContexts.Model.Lodging();
                context.Lodgings.Add(clone);

                context.Entry(clone).CurrentValues.SetValues(davesDump);  //克隆davesDump的值到新对象clone里
                clone.Name = "Dave's Camp";  //修改Name属性
                context.SaveChanges();  //最后提交修改

                Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}", clone.Name);  //Dave's Camp
                Console.WriteLine("Miles: {0}", clone.MilesFromNearestAirport);  //32.65
                Console.WriteLine("Contact Id: {0}", clone.PrimaryContactId);  //1
            }
        }
exec sp_executesql N'insert [dbo].[Lodgings]([Name], [Owner], [MilesFromNearestAirport], [destination_id], [PrimaryContactId], [SecondaryContactId], [Entertainment], [Activities], [MaxPersonsPerRoom], [PrivateRoomsAvailable], [Discriminator])
values (@0, null, @1, @2, @3, null, null, null, null, null, @4)
select [LodgingId]
from [dbo].[Lodgings]
where @@ROWCOUNT > 0 and [LodgingId] = scope_identity()',N'@0 nvarchar(200),@1 decimal(18,2),@2 int,@3 int,@4 nvarchar(128)',@0=N'Dave''s Camp',@1=32.65,@2=1,@3=1,@4=N'Lodging'

很明显实体已经被克隆了。

获取和设置实体的单个属性:Property方法

        /// <summary>
        /// 获取和设置实体的单个属性:Property方法
        /// </summary>
        private static void WorkingWithPropertyMethod()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var davesDump = (from d in context.Lodgings
                                 where d.Name == "Dave's Dump"
                                 select d).Single();
                var entry = context.Entry(davesDump);
                entry.Property(d => d.Name).CurrentValue = "Dave's Bargain Bungalows";  //设置Name属性

                Console.WriteLine("Current Value: {0}", entry.Property(d => d.Name).CurrentValue);  //Dave's Bargain Bungalows
                Console.WriteLine("Original Value: {0}", entry.Property(d => d.Name).OriginalValue);  //Dave's Dump
                Console.WriteLine("Modified?: {0}", entry.Property(d => d.Name).IsModified);   //True
            }
        }

同样可以查询出实体的哪些属性被修改了:IsModified方法

        /// <summary>
        /// 查询实体被修改字段:IsModified方法
        /// </summary>
        private static void FindModifiedProperties()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var canyon = (from d in context.Destinations
                              where d.Name == "Grand Canyon"
                              select d).Single();
                canyon.Name = "Super-Size Canyon";
                canyon.TravelWarnings = "Bigger than your brain can handle!!!";
                var entry = context.Entry(canyon);
                var propertyNames = entry.CurrentValues.PropertyNames;  //获取所有的Name列

                IEnumerable<string> modifiedProperties = from name in propertyNames
                                                         where entry.Property(name).IsModified
                                                         select name;
                foreach (var propertyName in modifiedProperties)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(propertyName);  //Name、TravelWarnings
                }
            }
        }

前面的章节已经讲解了如何查询一对一、一对多等关系的导航属性了,还不了解的点这里。现在讲讲如何修改导航属性:

        /// <summary>
        /// 修改导航属性(Reference):CurrentValue方法
        /// </summary>
        private static void WorkingWithReferenceMethod()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var davesDump = (from d in context.Lodgings
                                 where d.Name == "Dave's Dump"
                                 select d).Single();
                var entry = context.Entry(davesDump);
                entry.Reference(l => l.Destination).Load();   //显示加载

                var canyon = davesDump.Destination;
                Console.WriteLine("Current Value After Load: {0}", entry.Reference(d => d.Destination).CurrentValue.Name);

                var reef = (from d in context.Destinations
                            where d.Name == "Great Barrier Reef"
                            select d).Single();
                entry.Reference(d => d.Destination).CurrentValue = reef;   //修改
                Console.WriteLine("Current Value After Change: {0}", davesDump.Destination.Name);
            }
        }

打印结果:
Current Value After Load: Grand Canyon
Current Value After Change: Great Barrier Reef

注:上面的方法并没有调用上下文的SaveChanges方法,故程序跑完数据也不会保存到数据库,本文所有方法仅作演示都未提交数据库。

有Reference找单个属性的,那么自然也有Collection找集合属性的:

        /// <summary>
        /// 修改导航属性(Collection):CurrentValue方法
        /// </summary>
        private static void WorkingWithCollectionMethod()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var res = (from r in context.Reservations
                           where r.Trip.Description == "Trip from the database"
                           select r).Single();
                var entry = context.Entry(res);
                entry.Collection(r => r.Payments).Load();
                Console.WriteLine("Payments Before Add: {0}", entry.Collection(r => r.Payments).CurrentValue.Count);

                var payment = new DbContexts.Model.Payment { Amount = 245 };
                context.Payments.Add(payment);
                entry.Collection(r => r.Payments).CurrentValue.Add(payment);  //修改
                Console.WriteLine("Payments After Add: {0}", entry.Collection(r => r.Payments).CurrentValue.Count);
            }
        }

打印结果:
Payments Before Add: 1
Payments After Add: 2

从数据库取出实体加载到内存中,可能并不立马就展示给用户看。在进行一系列的排序、筛选等操作再展示出来。但是怎么确定展示的时候这些实体没有被修改过呢?可以使用Reload方法重新加载:

        /// <summary>
        /// 取当前最新的数据库值:Reload方法
        /// </summary>
        private static void ReloadLodging()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
                             where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
                             select d).Single();  //取出实体
                context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(@"UPDATE dbo.Lodgings SET Name = 'Le Grand Hotel' WHERE Name = 'Grand Hotel'");   //立马修改实体值(这个时候数据库中的值已改变,但是取出来放在内存中的值并没改变)
                Console.WriteLine("Name Before Reload: {0}", hotel.Name);
                Console.WriteLine("State Before Reload: {0}", context.Entry(hotel).State);

                context.Entry(hotel).Reload();
                Console.WriteLine("Name After Reload: {0}", hotel.Name);
                Console.WriteLine("State After Reload: {0}", context.Entry(hotel).State);
            }
        }

打印结果:
Name Before Reload: Grand Hotel
State Before Reload: Unchanged
Name After Reload: Le Grand Hotel
State After Reload: Unchanged

可以看出Reload方法已经重新取出了数据库中的最新值。来看看Reload方法生成的sql:

SELECT 
[Extent1].[Discriminator] AS [Discriminator], 
[Extent1].[LodgingId] AS [LodgingId], 
[Extent1].[Name] AS [Name], 
[Extent1].[Owner] AS [Owner], 
[Extent1].[MilesFromNearestAirport] AS [MilesFromNearestAirport], 
[Extent1].[destination_id] AS [destination_id], 
[Extent1].[PrimaryContactId] AS [PrimaryContactId], 
[Extent1].[SecondaryContactId] AS [SecondaryContactId], 
[Extent1].[Entertainment] AS [Entertainment], 
[Extent1].[Activities] AS [Activities], 
[Extent1].[MaxPersonsPerRoom] AS [MaxPersonsPerRoom], 
[Extent1].[PrivateRoomsAvailable] AS [PrivateRoomsAvailable]
FROM [dbo].[Lodgings] AS [Extent1]
WHERE ([Extent1].[Discriminator] IN ('Resort','Hostel','Lodging')) AND ([Extent1].[LodgingId] = 1)

当然Reload方法也会保存内存中修改的数据,这个并不会冲突。在方法里的linq查询后面加上:hotel.Name = "A New Name"; 打印结果就是这样的了:
Name Before Reload: A New Name
State Before Reload: Modified
Name After Reload: Le Grand Hotel
State After Reload: Unchanged

注意,代码里修改的Name已经显示了,并且标记实体状态为Modified了,Modified会在调用上下文的SaveChanges方法的时候提交到数据库。这个过程是这样的:

加载实体到内存中 - 在内存中对实体的某个属性进行修改 - 使用ExecuteSqlCommand方法执行sql修改数据库里该实体的值 - 调用Reload取出数据库里本实体的最新值 - 调用SaveChanges方法的话,在内存中对实体的修改也会被提交到数据库

之前操作了单个实体,现在看看如何读取关联实体和状态。使用DbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries方法:

     /// <summary>
        /// 读取相关联的实体和状态:DbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries方法
        /// </summary>
        private static void PrintChangeTrackerEntries()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var res = (from r in context.Reservations
                           where r.Trip.Description == "Trip from the database"
                           select r).Single();
                context.Entry(res).Collection(r => r.Payments).Load();
res.Payments.Add(
new DbContexts.Model.Payment { Amount = 245 }); var entries = context.ChangeTracker.Entries(); foreach (var entry in entries) { Console.WriteLine("Entity Type: {0}", entry.Entity.GetType()); Console.WriteLine(" - State: {0}", entry.State); } } }

添加了一个从表实体,并读取所有关联实体和其状态,打印结果:
Entity Type: DbContexts.Model.Payment - State: Added
Entity Type: DbContexts.Model.Reservation - State: Unchanged
Entity Type: DbContexts.Model.Payment - State: Unchanged

EF里如何解决更新数据时的冲突

正常根据实体的主键修改实体的时候,EF是不会判断数据修改之前有没有被别的人修改过,但是如果做了并发控制,EF在更新某条记录的时候才会抛错。这个系列文章的demo里有两个实体做了并发控制:Person类的SocialSecurityNumber字段被标记了ConcurrencyCheck;Trip类的RowVersion字段被标记了Timestamp。来写一个触发DbUpdateConcurrencyException异常的方法并处理这个异常:

        /// <summary>
        /// 修改实体
        /// </summary>
        private static void ConcurrencyDemo()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var trip = (from t in context.Trip.Include(t => t.Destination)
                            where t.Description == "Trip from the database"
                            select t).Single();
                trip.Description = "Getaway in Vermont";
                context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(@"UPDATE dbo.Trips SET CostUSD = 400 WHERE Description = 'Trip from the database'");
                SaveWithConcurrencyResolution(context);
            }
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// 尝试保存
        /// </summary>
        private static void SaveWithConcurrencyResolution(DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext context)
        {
            try
            {
                context.SaveChanges();
            }
            catch (DbUpdateConcurrencyException ex)
            {
                ResolveConcurrencyConflicts(ex);
                SaveWithConcurrencyResolution(context);
            }
        }

方法分析:取出实体 - 修改实体Description属性(此时实体状态为Modified)- 使用ExecuteSqlCommand执行sql修改了CostUSD和Description字段(修改后时间戳已经不同了,PS:使用ExecuteSqlCommand执行sql不需要调用SaveChanges方法)- 调用上下文的SaveChanges方法保存之前被标记为Modified的实体,这个时候就会报一个DbUpdateConcurrencyException的异常,因为时间戳列已经找不到了,这个更新的where条件根本找不到记录了。有时间戳的列更新都是双条件,时间戳详细用法点这里了解。

尝试写个方法解决这个冲突:

        /// <summary>
        /// 解决冲突
        /// </summary>
        private static void ResolveConcurrencyConflicts(DbUpdateConcurrencyException ex)
        {
            foreach (var entry in ex.Entries)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Concurrency conflict found for {0}", entry.Entity.GetType());

                Console.WriteLine("\nYou are trying to save the following values:");
                PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues);  //用户修改的值

                Console.WriteLine("\nThe values before you started editing were:");
                PrintPropertyValues(entry.OriginalValues);  //从库里取出来时的值

                var databaseValues = entry.GetDatabaseValues();  //即时数据库的值
                Console.WriteLine("\nAnother user has saved the following values:");
                PrintPropertyValues(databaseValues);

                Console.WriteLine("[S]ave your values, [D]iscard you changes or [M]erge?");
                var action = Console.ReadKey().KeyChar.ToString().ToUpper(); //读取用户输入的字母
                switch (action)
                {
                    case "S":
                        entry.OriginalValues.SetValues(databaseValues);  //拷贝数据库值到当前值(恢复时间戳)
                        break;
                    case "D":
                        entry.Reload();  //重新加载
                        break;
                    case "M":
                        var mergedValues = MergeValues(entry.OriginalValues, entry.CurrentValues, databaseValues);//合并
                        entry.OriginalValues.SetValues(databaseValues);  //拷贝数据库值到当前值(恢复时间戳)
                        entry.CurrentValues.SetValues(mergedValues);     //拷贝合并后的值到当前值,最终保存的是当前值
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw new ArgumentException("Invalid option");
                }
            }
        }

捕获到异常后告知用户要修改实体的原始值(用户修改前从数据库取出来的值)、现在的值(用户修改的值)、数据库里的值(此时数据库里的值,这个值已被修改,不是用户修改前取出来的值了),打印出来的结果显示已经有人修改了这条记录了。最后是问用户是否保存修改。分别是保存、放弃、合并修改。

EF里查看/修改实体的当前值、原始值和数据库值以及重写SaveChanges方法记录实体状态_第2张图片

用户输入"S"表示“保存”,case语句块里执行的操作是拷贝数据库值到原始值,这里该有疑惑了,调用SaveChanges方法保存的也是currentValues当前值,跟databaseValues数据库值还有OriginalValues原始值没有任何关系啊。其实这么操作是恢复一下时间戳的值方便更新,之前说过timestamp的列更新条件是两个,任何一个不对都更新不了。看看sql:

exec sp_executesql N'update [dbo].[Trips]
set [Description] = @0, [CostUSD] = @1
where (([Identifier] = @2) and ([RowVersion] = @3))
select [RowVersion]
from [dbo].[Trips]
where @@ROWCOUNT > 0 and [Identifier] = @2',N'@0 nvarchar(max) ,@1 decimal(18,2),@2 uniqueidentifier,@3 binary(8)',@0=N'Getaway in Vermont',@1=1000.00,@2='CF2E6BD3-7393-440C-941A-
9124C61CE04A',@3=0x00000000000007D2

结果只保存了自己的修改:

用户输入“D”表示“放弃”,case语句块里执行的是Reload方法,这个方法之前已经介绍过了,是重新加载数据库里的最新值(Latest Value)。恢复下数据库数据再执行下方法,看看sql:

SELECT 
[Extent1].[Identifier] AS [Identifier], 
[Extent1].[StartDate] AS [StartDate], 
[Extent1].[EndDate] AS [EndDate], 
[Extent1].[Description] AS [Description], 
[Extent1].[CostUSD] AS [CostUSD], 
[Extent1].[RowVersion] AS [RowVersion], 
[Extent1].[DestinationId] AS [DestinationId]
FROM [dbo].[Trips] AS [Extent1]
WHERE [Extent1].[Identifier] = cast('cf2e6bd3-7393-440c-941a-9124c61ce04a' as uniqueidentifier)

取了下数据库里该实体最新的值(使用ExecuteSqlCommand更新后的值),没有其他任何更新语句,就是放弃本次修改的意思,但是之前ExecuteSqlCommand方法执行的修改是有效的,看看结果:

上面的“保存修改”和“放弃修改”只能保存一个,如果让用户修改的和ExecuteSqlCommand的修改同时生效呢,选择M,意为合并。看看合并方法:

        /// <summary>
        /// 合并
        /// </summary>
        private static DbPropertyValues MergeValues(DbPropertyValues original, DbPropertyValues current, DbPropertyValues database)
        {
            var result = original.Clone();  //拷贝原始值并存放合并后的值
            foreach (var propertyName in original.PropertyNames)  //遍历原始值的所有列
            {
                if (original[propertyName] is DbPropertyValues)  //判断当前列是否复杂类型(很少)
                {
                    var mergedComplexValues =
                        MergeValues((DbPropertyValues)original[propertyName],
                        (DbPropertyValues)current[propertyName],
                        (DbPropertyValues)database[propertyName]);   //是复杂类型的话就使用递归合并复杂类型的值
                    ((DbPropertyValues)result[propertyName]).SetValues(mergedComplexValues);
                }
                else  //是普通里的话就和当前值、数据库值、原始值各种对比。修改了就赋值
                {
                    if (!object.Equals(current[propertyName], original[propertyName]))
                        result[propertyName] = current[propertyName];
                    else if (!object.Equals(database[propertyName], original[propertyName]))
                        result[propertyName] = database[propertyName];
                }
            }
            return result;
        }

看看sql:

exec sp_executesql N'update [dbo].[Trips]
set [Description] = @0, [CostUSD] = @1
where (([Identifier] = @2) and ([RowVersion] = @3))
select [RowVersion]
from [dbo].[Trips]
where @@ROWCOUNT > 0 and [Identifier] = @2',N'@0 nvarchar(max) ,@1 decimal(18,2),@2 uniqueidentifier,@3 binary(8)',@0=N'Getaway in Vermont',@1=400.00,@2='CF2E6BD3-7393-440C-941A-9124C61CE04A',@3=0x00000000000007DC

看看结果:

用户修改和ExecuteSqlCommand修改的都保存上了。

最后讲一个更实用的东西:重写上下文的SaveChanges方法记录结果集里实体的各种增/删/改。
先到BreakAwayContext类里添加一个属性标识使用数据库上下文的SaveChanges方法还是使用自定义的SaveChanges方法:public bool LogChangesDuringSave { get; set; }

来看一个方法:

        /// <summary>
        /// 记录结果集的各种:增 / 删 /改
        /// </summary>
        private static void TestSaveLogging()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var canyon = (from d in context.Destinations
                              where d.Name == "Grand Canyon"
                              select d).Single();//加载主表数据

                context.Entry(canyon).Collection(d => d.Lodgings).Load();//显示加载出从表相关数据
                canyon.TravelWarnings = "Take a hat!";//修改主表字段
                context.Lodgings.Remove(canyon.Lodgings.First());//删除相关联从表的第一条数据
                context.Destinations.Add(new DbContexts.Model.Destination { Name = "Seattle, WA" });//添加一条主表数据
                context.LogChangesDuringSave = true;  //设置标识,使用自定义的SaveChanges方法
                context.SaveChanges();
            }
        }

增加、修改、删除操作等都有。运行这个方法前需要在BreakAwayContext类里添加记录的帮助类方法:

        /// <summary>
        /// 记录帮助类方法
        /// </summary>
        private void PrintPropertyValues(DbPropertyValues values, IEnumerable<string> propertiesToPrint, int indent = 1)
        {
            foreach (var propertyName in propertiesToPrint)
            {
                var value = values[propertyName];
                if (value is DbPropertyValues)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("{0}- Complex Property: {1}", string.Empty.PadLeft(indent), propertyName);
                    var complexPropertyValues = (DbPropertyValues)value;
                    PrintPropertyValues(complexPropertyValues, complexPropertyValues.PropertyNames, indent + 1);
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("{0}- {1}: {2}", string.Empty.PadLeft(indent), propertyName, values[propertyName]);
                }
            }
        }
        private IEnumerable<string> GetKeyPropertyNames(object entity)
        {
            var objectContext = ((IObjectContextAdapter)this).ObjectContext;
            return objectContext.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(entity).EntityKey.EntityKeyValues.Select(k => k.Key);
        }

再在BreakAwayContext类里重写下上下文的SaveChanges方法:

        /// <summary>
        /// 重写SaveChanges方法
        /// </summary>
        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            if (LogChangesDuringSave)  //根据表示判断用重写的SaveChanges方法,还是普通的上下文SaveChanges方法
            {
                var entries = from e in this.ChangeTracker.Entries()
                              where e.State != EntityState.Unchanged
                              select e;   //过滤所有修改了的实体,包括:增加 / 修改 / 删除
                foreach (var entry in entries)
                {
                    switch (entry.State)
                    {
                        case EntityState.Added:
                            Console.WriteLine("Adding a {0}", entry.Entity.GetType());
                            PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues, entry.CurrentValues.PropertyNames);
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Deleted:
                            Console.WriteLine("Deleting a {0}", entry.Entity.GetType());
                            PrintPropertyValues(entry.OriginalValues, GetKeyPropertyNames(entry.Entity));
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Modified:
                            Console.WriteLine("Modifying a {0}", entry.Entity.GetType());
                            var modifiedPropertyNames = from n in entry.CurrentValues.PropertyNames
                                                        where entry.Property(n).IsModified
                                                        select n;
                            PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues, GetKeyPropertyNames(entry.Entity).Concat(modifiedPropertyNames));
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }
            return base.SaveChanges();  //返回普通的上下文SaveChanges方法
        }

运行结果为:

EF里查看/修改实体的当前值、原始值和数据库值以及重写SaveChanges方法记录实体状态_第3张图片

所有添加/修改/删除都记录下来了,这个可以方便我们在写程序的时候做更细微的控制,毕竟EF对实体操作的依据就是实体的各种状态。

本文源码

EF DbContext 系列文章导航:
  1. EF如何操作内存中的数据和加载外键数据:延迟加载、贪婪加载、显示加载  本章源码
  2. EF里单个实体的增查改删以及主从表关联数据的各种增删改查  本章源码
  3. 使用EF自带的EntityState枚举和自定义枚举实现单个和多个实体的增删改查  本章源码
  4. EF里查看/修改实体的当前值、原始值和数据库值以及重写SaveChanges方法记录实体状态  本章源码
  5. EF里如何定制实体的验证规则和实现IObjectWithState接口进行验证以及多个实体的同时验证  本章源码
  6. 重写ValidateEntity虚方法实现可控的上下文验证和自定义验证  本章源码

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