ANDROID音频系统散记之四：4.0音频系统HAL初探
昨天（2011-11-15）发布了Android4.0的源码，今天download下来，开始挺进4.0时代。简单看了一下，发现音频系统方面与2.3的有较多地方不同，下面逐一描述。
一、代码模块位置
1、AudioFlinger
frameworks/base/services/audioflinger/ +-- Android.mk +-- AudioBufferProvider.h +-- AudioFlinger.cpp +-- AudioFlinger.h +-- AudioMixer.cpp +-- AudioMixer.h +-- AudioPolicyService.cpp +-- AudioPolicyService.h +-- AudioResampler.cpp +-- AudioResamplerCubic.cpp +-- AudioResamplerCubic.h +-- AudioResampler.h +-- AudioResamplerSinc.cpp +-- AudioResamplerSinc.hAudioFlinger相关代码，好像这部分与2.3相差不大，至少接口是兼容的。值得注意的是：2.3位于这里的还有AudioHardwareGeneric、AudioHardwareInterface、A2dpAudioInterface等一系列接口代码，现在都移除了。实际上，这些接口变更为legacy（有另外更好的实现方式，但也兼容之前的方法），取而代之的是要实现hardware/libhardware/include/hardware/audio.h提供的接口，这是一个较大的变化。
两种Audio Hardware HAL接口定义：
1/ legacy：hardware/libhardware_legacy/include/hardware_legacy/AudioHardwareInterface.h
2/ current：hardware/libhardware/include/hardware/audio.h
2、audio_hw
hardware/libhardware_legacy/audio/ +-- A2dpAudioInterface.cpp +-- A2dpAudioInterface.h +-- Android.mk +-- AudioDumpInterface.cpp +-- AudioDumpInterface.h +-- AudioHardwareGeneric.cpp +-- AudioHardwareGeneric.h +-- AudioHardwareInterface.cpp +-- AudioHardwareStub.cpp +-- AudioHardwareStub.h +-- audio_hw_hal.cpp +-- AudioPolicyCompatClient.cpp +-- AudioPolicyCompatClient.h +-- audio_policy_hal.cpp +-- AudioPolicyManagerBase.cpp +-- AudioPolicyManagerDefault.cpp +-- AudioPolicyManagerDefault.h上面提及的AudioHardwareGeneric、AudioHardwareInterface、A2dpAudioInterface等都放到libhardware_legacy里。
事实上legacy也要封装成current中的audio.h，确切的说需要一个联系legacy interface和not legacy interface的中间层，这里的audio_hw_hal.cpp就充当这样的一个角色了。因此，我们其实也可以把2.3之前的alsa_sound这一套东西也搬过来。
hardware/libhardware/modules/audio/ +-- Android.mk +-- audio_hw.c +-- audio_policy.c这是一个stub（类似于2.3中的AudioHardwareStub），大多数函数只是简单的返回一个值，并没有实际操作，只是保证Android能得到一个audio hardware hal实例，从而启动运行，当然声音没有输出到外设的。在底层音频驱动或audio hardware hal还没有实现好的情况下，可以使用这个stub device，先让Android跑起来。
device/samsung/tuna/audio/ +-- Android.mk +-- audio_hw.c +-- ril_interface.c +-- ril_interface.h这是Samsung Tuna的音频设备抽象层，很有参考价值，计划以后就在它的基础上进行移植。它调用tinyalsa的接口，可见这个方案的底层音频驱动是alsa。
3、tinyalsa
external/tinyalsa/ +-- Android.mk +-- include | +-- tinyalsa | +-- asoundlib.h +-- mixer.c ##类alsa-lib的control，作用音频部件开关、音量调节等 +-- pcm.c ##类alsa-lib的pcm，作用音频pcm数据回放录制 +-- README +-- tinycap.c ##类alsa_arecord +-- tinymix.c ##类alsa_amixer +-- tinyplay.c ##类alsa_aplay在2.3时代，Android还隐晦把它放在android2.3.1-gingerbread/device/samsung/crespo/libaudio，现在终于把alsa-lib一脚踢开，小三变正室了，正名tinyalsa。
这其实是历史的必然了，alsa-lib太过复杂繁琐了，我看得也很不爽；更重要的商业上面的考虑，必须移除被GNU GPL授权证所约束的部份，alsa-lib并不是个例。
注意：上面的hardware/libhardware_legacy/audio/、hardware/libhardware/modules/audio/、device/samsung/tuna/audio/是同层的。之一是legacy audio，用于兼容2.2时代的alsa_sound；之二是stub audio接口；之三是Samsung Tuna的音频抽象层实现。调用层次：AudioFlinger -> audio_hw -> tinyalsa。
注意：上面的hardware/libhardware_legacy/audio/、hardware/libhardware/modules/audio/、device/samsung/tuna/audio/是同层的。之一是legacy audio，用于兼容2.2时代的alsa_sound；之二是stub audio接口；之三是Samsung Tuna的音频抽象层实现。调用层次：AudioFlinger -> audio_hw -> tinyalsa。
二、Audio Hardware HAL加载
1、AudioFlinger
//加载audio hardware hal
static int load_audio_interface(const char *if_name, const hw_module_t **mod,
audio_hw_device_t **dev)
{
int rc;
//根据classid和if_name找到指定的动态库并加载，这里加载的是音频动态库，如libaudio.primary.tuna.so
rc = hw_get_module_by_class(AUDIO_HARDWARE_MODULE_ID, if_name, mod);
if (rc)
goto out;
//加载好的动态库模块必有个open方法，调用open方法打开音频设备模块
rc = audio_hw_device_open(*mod, dev);
LOGE_IF(rc, "couldn't open audio hw device in %s.%s (%s)",
AUDIO_HARDWARE_MODULE_ID, if_name, strerror(-rc));
if (rc)
goto out;
return 0;
out:
*mod = NULL;
*dev = NULL;
return rc;
}
//音频设备接口，hw_get_module_by_class需要根据这些字符串找到相关的音频模块库
static const char *audio_interfaces[] = {
"primary", //主音频设备，一般为本机codec
"a2dp", //a2dp设备，蓝牙高保真音频
"usb", //usb-audio设备，这个东东我2.3就考虑要实现了，现在终于支持了
};
#define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof((x))/sizeof(((x)[0])))
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AudioFlinger::AudioFlinger()
: BnAudioFlinger(),
mPrimaryHardwareDev(0), mMasterVolume(1.0f), mMasterMute(false), mNextUniqueId(1),
mBtNrecIsOff(false)
{
}
void AudioFlinger::onFirstRef()
{
int rc = 0;
Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
/* TODO: move all this work into an Init() function */
mHardwareStatus = AUDIO_HW_IDLE;
//打开audio_interfaces数组定义的所有音频设备
for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(audio_interfaces); i++) {
const hw_module_t *mod;
audio_hw_device_t *dev;
rc = load_audio_interface(audio_interfaces[i], &mod, &dev);
if (rc)
continue;
LOGI("Loaded %s audio interface from %s (%s)", audio_interfaces[i],
mod->name, mod->id);
mAudioHwDevs.push(dev); //mAudioHwDevs是一个Vector，存储已打开的audio hw devices
if (!mPrimaryHardwareDev) {
mPrimaryHardwareDev = dev;
LOGI("Using '%s' (%s.%s) as the primary audio interface",
mod->name, mod->id, audio_interfaces[i]);
}
}
mHardwareStatus = AUDIO_HW_INIT;
if (!mPrimaryHardwareDev || mAudioHwDevs.size() == 0) {
LOGE("Primary audio interface not found");
return;
}
//对audio hw devices进行一些初始化，如mode、master volume的设置
for (size_t i = 0; i < mAudioHwDevs.size(); i++) {
audio_hw_device_t *dev = mAudioHwDevs[i];
mHardwareStatus = AUDIO_HW_INIT;
rc = dev->init_check(dev);
if (rc == 0) {
AutoMutex lock(mHardwareLock);
mMode = AUDIO_MODE_NORMAL;
mHardwareStatus = AUDIO_HW_SET_MODE;
dev->set_mode(dev, mMode);
mHardwareStatus = AUDIO_HW_SET_MASTER_VOLUME;
dev->set_master_volume(dev, 1.0f);
mHardwareStatus = AUDIO_HW_IDLE;
}
}
}
以上对AudioFlinger进行的分析，主要是通过hw_get_module_by_class()找到模块接口名字if_name相匹配的模块库，加载，然后audio_hw_device_open()调用模块的open方法，完成音频设备模块的初始化。
留意AudioFlinger的构造函数只有简单的私有变量的初始化操作了，把音频设备初始化放到onFirstRef()，Android终于改进了这一点，好的设计根本不应该把可能会失败的操作放到构造函数中。onFirstRef是RefBase类的一个虚函数，在构造sp的时候就会被调用。因此，在构造sp<AudioFlinger>的时候就会触发onFirstRef方法，从而完成音频设备模块初始化。
2、hw_get_module_by_class
我们接下来看看hw_get_module_by_class，实现在hardware/libhardware/ hardware.c中，它作用加载指定名字的模块库（.so文件），这个应该是用于加载所有硬件设备相关的库文件，并不只是音频设备。
int hw_get_module_by_class(const char *class_id, const char *inst,
const struct hw_module_t **module)
{
int status;
int i;
const struct hw_module_t *hmi = NULL;
char prop[PATH_MAX];
char path[PATH_MAX];
char name[PATH_MAX];
if (inst)
snprintf(name, PATH_MAX, "%s.%s", class_id, inst);
else
strlcpy(name, class_id, PATH_MAX);
//这里我们以音频库为例，AudioFlinger调用到这个函数时，
//class_id=AUDIO_HARDWARE_MODULE_ID="audio"，inst="primary"(或"a2dp"或"usb")
//那么此时name="audio.primary"
/*
* Here we rely on the fact that calling dlopen multiple times on
* the same .so will simply increment a refcount (and not load
* a new copy of the library).
* We also assume that dlopen() is thread-safe.
*/
/* Loop through the configuration variants looking for a module */
for (i=0 ; i<HAL_VARIANT_KEYS_COUNT+1 ; i++) {
if (i < HAL_VARIANT_KEYS_COUNT) {
//通过property_get找到厂家标记如"ro.product.board=tuna"，这时prop="tuna"
if (property_get(variant_keys[i], prop, NULL) == 0) {
continue;
}
snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s.%s.so",
HAL_LIBRARY_PATH2, name, prop); //#define HAL_LIBRARY_PATH2 "/vendor/lib/hw"
if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) break;
snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s.%s.so",
HAL_LIBRARY_PATH1, name, prop); //#define HAL_LIBRARY_PATH1 "/system/lib/hw"
if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) break;
} else {
snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s.default.so", //如没有指定的库文件，则加载default.so，即stub-device
HAL_LIBRARY_PATH1, name);
if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) break;
}
}
//到这里，完成一个模块库的完整路径名称，如path="/system/lib/hw/audio.primary.tuna.so"
//如何生成audio.primary.tuna.so？请看相关的Android.mk文件，其中有定义LOCAL_MODULE := audio.primary.tuna
status = -ENOENT;
if (i < HAL_VARIANT_KEYS_COUNT+1) {
/* load the module, if this fails, we're doomed, and we should not try
* to load a different variant. */
status = load(class_id, path, module); //加载模块库
}
return status;
}
/**
* Every hardware module must have a data structure named HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM
* and the fields of this data structure must begin with hw_module_t
* followed by module specific information.
*/
typedef struct hw_module_t {
/** tag must be initialized to HARDWARE_MODULE_TAG */
uint32_t tag;
/** major version number for the module */
uint16_t version_major;
/** minor version number of the module */
uint16_t version_minor;
/** Identifier of module */
const char *id;
/** Name of this module */
const char *name;
/** Author/owner/implementor of the module */
const char *author;
/** Modules methods */
struct hw_module_methods_t* methods;
/** module's dso */
void* dso;
/** padding to 128 bytes, reserved for future use */
uint32_t reserved[32-7];
} hw_module_t;
typedef struct hw_module_methods_t {
/** Open a specific device */
int (*open)(const struct hw_module_t* module, const char* id,
struct hw_device_t** device);
} hw_module_methods_t;这个结构体很重要，注释很详细。dlsym拿到这个结构体的首地址后，就可以调用Modules methods进行设备模块的初始化了。设备模块中，都应该按照这个格式初始化好这个结构体，否则dlsym找不到它，也就无法调用Modules methods进行初始化了。
例如，在audio_hw.c中，它是这样定义的：
static struct hw_module_methods_t hal_module_methods = {
.open = adev_open,
};
struct audio_module HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM = {
.common = {
.tag = HARDWARE_MODULE_TAG,
.version_major = 1,
.version_minor = 0,
.id = AUDIO_HARDWARE_MODULE_ID,
.name = "Tuna audio HW HAL",
.author = "The Android Open Source Project",
.methods = &hal_module_methods,
},
};
3、audio_hw
好了，经过一番周折，又dlopen又dlsym的，终于进入我们的audio_hw。这部分没什么好说的，按照hardware/libhardware/include/hardware/audio.h定义的接口实现就行了。这些接口全扔到一个结构体里面的，这样做的好处是：不必用大量的dlsym来获取各个接口函数的地址，只需找到这个结构体即可，从易用性和可扩充性来说，都是首选方式。
接口定义如下：
struct audio_hw_device {
struct hw_device_t common;
/**
* used by audio flinger to enumerate what devices are supported by
* each audio_hw_device implementation.
*
* Return value is a bitmask of 1 or more values of audio_devices_t
*/
uint32_t (*get_supported_devices)(const struct audio_hw_device *dev);
/**
* check to see if the audio hardware interface has been initialized.
* returns 0 on success, -ENODEV on failure.
*/
int (*init_check)(const struct audio_hw_device *dev);
/** set the audio volume of a voice call. Range is between 0.0 and 1.0 */
int (*set_voice_volume)(struct audio_hw_device *dev, float volume);
/**
* set the audio volume for all audio activities other than voice call.
* Range between 0.0 and 1.0. If any value other than 0 is returned,
* the software mixer will emulate this capability.
*/
int (*set_master_volume)(struct audio_hw_device *dev, float volume);
/**
* setMode is called when the audio mode changes. AUDIO_MODE_NORMAL mode
* is for standard audio playback, AUDIO_MODE_RINGTONE when a ringtone is
* playing, and AUDIO_MODE_IN_CALL when a call is in progress.
*/
int (*set_mode)(struct audio_hw_device *dev, int mode);
/* mic mute */
int (*set_mic_mute)(struct audio_hw_device *dev, bool state);
int (*get_mic_mute)(const struct audio_hw_device *dev, bool *state);
/* set/get global audio parameters */
int (*set_parameters)(struct audio_hw_device *dev, const char *kv_pairs);
/*
* Returns a pointer to a heap allocated string. The caller is responsible
* for freeing the memory for it.
*/
char * (*get_parameters)(const struct audio_hw_device *dev,
const char *keys);
/* Returns audio input buffer size according to parameters passed or
* 0 if one of the parameters is not supported
*/
size_t (*get_input_buffer_size)(const struct audio_hw_device *dev,
uint32_t sample_rate, int format,
int channel_count);
/** This method creates and opens the audio hardware output stream */
int (*open_output_stream)(struct audio_hw_device *dev, uint32_t devices,
int *format, uint32_t *channels,
uint32_t *sample_rate,
struct audio_stream_out **out);
void (*close_output_stream)(struct audio_hw_device *dev,
struct audio_stream_out* out);
/** This method creates and opens the audio hardware input stream */
int (*open_input_stream)(struct audio_hw_device *dev, uint32_t devices,
int *format, uint32_t *channels,
uint32_t *sample_rate,
audio_in_acoustics_t acoustics,
struct audio_stream_in **stream_in);
void (*close_input_stream)(struct audio_hw_device *dev,
struct audio_stream_in *in);
/** This method dumps the state of the audio hardware */
int (*dump)(const struct audio_hw_device *dev, int fd);
};
typedef struct audio_hw_device audio_hw_device_t;
三、Audio Hardware HAL的legacy实现
之前提到两种Audio Hardware HAL接口定义：
1/ legacy：hardware/libhardware_legacy/include/hardware_legacy/AudioHardwareInterface.h
2/ current：hardware/libhardware/include/hardware/audio.h
前者是2.3及之前的音频设备接口定义，后者是4.0的接口定义。
1/ legacy：hardware/libhardware_legacy/include/hardware_legacy/AudioHardwareInterface.h
2/ current：hardware/libhardware/include/hardware/audio.h
前者是2.3及之前的音频设备接口定义，后者是4.0的接口定义。
为了兼容以前的设计，4.0实现一个中间层：hardware/libhardware_legacy/audio/audio_hw_hal.cpp，结构与其他的audio_hw.c大同小异，差别在于open方法：
static int legacy_adev_open(const hw_module_t* module, const char* name,
hw_device_t** device)
{
......
ladev->hwif = createAudioHardware();
if (!ladev->hwif) {
ret = -EIO;
goto err_create_audio_hw;
}
......
}看到那个熟悉的createAudioHardware()没有？这是以前我提到的Vendor Specific Audio接口，然后新的接口再调用ladev->hwif的函数就是了。
因此老一套的alsa-lib、alsa-utils和alsa_sound也可以照搬过来，这里的文件被编译成静态库的，因此你需要修改alsa_sound里面的Android.mk文件，链接这个静态库。还有alsa_sound的命名空间原来是“android”，现在需要改成“android_audio_legacy”。
四、a2dp Audio HAL的实现
external/Bluetooth/bluez/audio/android_audio_hw.c
大致与上面提到的audio_hw.c类似，因为都是基于audio.h定义的接口来实现的。
如果需要编译这个库，须在BoardConfig.mk里定义：
BOARD_HAVE_BLUETOOTH := true
开始还提到现在支持3种audio设备了，分别是primary、a2dp和usb。目前剩下usb audio hal我没有找到，不知是否需要自己去实现？其实alsa-driver都支持大部分的usb-audio设备了，因此上层也可调用tinyalsa的接口，就像samsung tuna的audio_hw.c那样。
五、音质改进？？？
--to be continued…