用户空间缺页异常pte_handle_fault()分析--(下)--写时复制
在pte_handle_fault()中，如果触发异常的页存在于主存中，那么该异常往往是由写了一个只读页触发的，此时需要进行COW(写时复制操作)。如当一个父进程通过fork()创建了一个子进程时，子进程将会共享父进程的页框。之后，无论是父进程还是子进程要对相应的内存进行写操作，都要进行COW，也就是为自己重新分配一个页框，并把之前的数据复制到页框中去，再写。
static inline int handle_pte_fault(struct mm_struct *mm,
struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
pte_t *pte, pmd_t *pmd, unsigned int flags)
{
pte_t entry;
spinlock_t *ptl;
entry = *pte;
...
...
...
/********页在主存中的情况***********/
ptl = pte_lockptr(mm, pmd);
spin_lock(ptl);
if (unlikely(!pte_same(*pte, entry)))
goto unlock;
if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE) {//异常由写访问触发
if (!pte_write(entry))//而对应的页是不可写的
return do_wp_page(mm, vma, address, //此时必须进行写时复制的操作
pte, pmd, ptl, entry);
entry = pte_mkdirty(entry);
}
entry = pte_mkyoung(entry);
if (ptep_set_access_flags(vma, address, pte, entry, flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE)) {
update_mmu_cache(vma, address, entry);
} else {
/*
* This is needed only for protection faults but the arch code
* is not yet telling us if this is a protection fault or not.
* This still avoids useless tlb flushes for .text page faults
* with threads.
*/
if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE)
flush_tlb_page(vma, address);
}
unlock:
pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
return 0;
}
可以看到，hand_pte_fault()函数处理页存在于主存中的情况的关键操作都集中在do_wp_page()函数上。该函数是用来处理COW的，不过在COW之前先要做一些检查，比如说，如果对应的页只有一个进程使用，那么便可以直接修改页的权限为可读可写，而不进行COW。总之，不到不得以的情况下是不会进行COW的。
static int do_wp_page(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long address, pte_t *page_table, pmd_t *pmd,
spinlock_t *ptl, pte_t orig_pte)
{
struct page *old_page, *new_page;
pte_t entry;
int reuse = 0, ret = 0;
int page_mkwrite = 0;
struct page *dirty_page = NULL;
old_page = vm_normal_page(vma, address, orig_pte);//获取共享页
if (!old_page) {//获取共享页失败
/*
* VM_MIXEDMAP !pfn_valid() case
*
* We should not cow pages in a shared writeable mapping.
* Just mark the pages writable as we can't do any dirty
* accounting on raw pfn maps.
*/
/*如果vma的映射本来就是共享且可写的，则跳转至reuse直接使用orig_pte对应的页*/
if ((vma->vm_flags & (VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED)) ==
(VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED))
goto reuse;
/*否则跳转至gotten分配一个页*/
goto gotten;
}
/*
* Take out anonymous pages first, anonymous shared vmas are
* not dirty accountable.
*/
/*下面首先判断匿名页的情况，如果old_page是匿名页，并且只有一个进程使用它(reuse为1)，则
则直接使用该页*/
if (PageAnon(old_page) && !PageKsm(old_page)) {
/*这里先判断是否有其他进程竞争，修改了页表*/
if (!trylock_page(old_page)) {
page_cache_get(old_page);
pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);
lock_page(old_page);
page_table = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address,
&ptl);
if (!pte_same(*page_table, orig_pte)) {
unlock_page(old_page);
page_cache_release(old_page);
goto unlock;
}
page_cache_release(old_page);
}
/*确定没有其他进程竞争，则进行reuse判断，通过reuse_swap_page()函数判断
old_page的_mapcount字段是否为0，是的话则表明只有一个进程使用该匿名页*/
reuse = reuse_swap_page(old_page);
unlock_page(old_page);
} else if (unlikely((vma->vm_flags & (VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED)) ==
(VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED))) {//如果vma的映射本来就是共享且可写的
/*
* Only catch write-faults on shared writable pages,
* read-only shared pages can get COWed by
* get_user_pages(.write=1, .force=1).
*/
if (vma->vm_ops && vma->vm_ops->page_mkwrite) {
struct vm_fault vmf;
int tmp;
vmf.virtual_address = (void __user *)(address &
PAGE_MASK);
vmf.pgoff = old_page->index;
vmf.flags = FAULT_FLAG_WRITE|FAULT_FLAG_MKWRITE;
vmf.page = old_page;
/*
* Notify the address space that the page is about to
* become writable so that it can prohibit this or wait
* for the page to get into an appropriate state.
*
* We do this without the lock held, so that it can
* sleep if it needs to.
*/
page_cache_get(old_page);//增加old_page的引用计数作为保护
pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);
/*这里通知即将修改页的权限*/
tmp = vma->vm_ops->page_mkwrite(vma, &vmf);
/*如果无法修改的话，则跳转到unwritable_page*/
if (unlikely(tmp &
(VM_FAULT_ERROR | VM_FAULT_NOPAGE))) {
ret = tmp;
goto unwritable_page;
}
if (unlikely(!(tmp & VM_FAULT_LOCKED))) {
lock_page(old_page);
if (!old_page->mapping) {
ret = 0; /* retry the fault */
unlock_page(old_page);
goto unwritable_page;
}
} else
VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(old_page));
/*
* Since we dropped the lock we need to revalidate
* the PTE as someone else may have changed it. If
* they did, we just return, as we can count on the
* MMU to tell us if they didn't also make it writable.
*/
/*走到这里表示已经成功修改了页的权限了，这里同样重新获取页表，判断是否和之前一致*/
page_table = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address,
&ptl);
if (!pte_same(*page_table, orig_pte)) {
unlock_page(old_page);
page_cache_release(old_page);
goto unlock;
}
page_mkwrite = 1;
}
dirty_page = old_page;
get_page(dirty_page);
reuse = 1;
}
if (reuse) {//reuse处理，也就是说不进行COW，可以直接在old_page上进行写操作
reuse:
flush_cache_page(vma, address, pte_pfn(orig_pte));
entry = pte_mkyoung(orig_pte);//标记_PAGE_ACCESSED位
entry = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);//将页的权限修改为可读可写，并且标记为脏页
if (ptep_set_access_flags(vma, address, page_table, entry,1))
update_mmu_cache(vma, address, entry);
ret |= VM_FAULT_WRITE;
goto unlock;
}
/*
* Ok, we need to copy. Oh, well..
*/
/***************终于走到了不得已的一步了，下面只好进行COW了********************/
page_cache_get(old_page);
gotten:
pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);
if (unlikely(anon_vma_prepare(vma)))
goto oom;
if (is_zero_pfn(pte_pfn(orig_pte))) {
new_page = alloc_zeroed_user_highpage_movable(vma, address);//分配一个零页面
if (!new_page)
goto oom;
} else {
new_page = alloc_page_vma(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE, vma, address);//分配一个非零页面
if (!new_page)
goto oom;
cow_user_page(new_page, old_page, address, vma);//将old_page中的数据拷贝到new_page
}
__SetPageUptodate(new_page);
/*
* Don't let another task, with possibly unlocked vma,
* keep the mlocked page.
*/
if ((vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) && old_page) {
lock_page(old_page); /* for LRU manipulation */
clear_page_mlock(old_page);
unlock_page(old_page);
}
if (mem_cgroup_newpage_charge(new_page, mm, GFP_KERNEL))
goto oom_free_new;
/*
* Re-check the pte - we dropped the lock
*/
page_table = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);
if (likely(pte_same(*page_table, orig_pte))) {
if (old_page) {
if (!PageAnon(old_page)) {
dec_mm_counter(mm, file_rss);
inc_mm_counter(mm, anon_rss);
}
} else
inc_mm_counter(mm, anon_rss);
flush_cache_page(vma, address, pte_pfn(orig_pte));
entry = mk_pte(new_page, vma->vm_page_prot);//获取new_page的pte
entry = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);//修改new_page的权限
/*
* Clear the pte entry and flush it first, before updating the
* pte with the new entry. This will avoid a race condition
* seen in the presence of one thread doing SMC and another
* thread doing COW.
*/
ptep_clear_flush(vma, address, page_table);
page_add_new_anon_rmap(new_page, vma, address);
/*
* We call the notify macro here because, when using secondary
* mmu page tables (such as kvm shadow page tables), we want the
* new page to be mapped directly into the secondary page table.
*/
set_pte_at_notify(mm, address, page_table, entry);
update_mmu_cache(vma, address, entry);
if (old_page) {
/*
* Only after switching the pte to the new page may
* we remove the mapcount here. Otherwise another
* process may come and find the rmap count decremented
* before the pte is switched to the new page, and
* "reuse" the old page writing into it while our pte
* here still points into it and can be read by other
* threads.
*
* The critical issue is to order this
* page_remove_rmap with the ptp_clear_flush above.
* Those stores are ordered by (if nothing else,)
* the barrier present in the atomic_add_negative
* in page_remove_rmap.
*
* Then the TLB flush in ptep_clear_flush ensures that
* no process can access the old page before the
* decremented mapcount is visible. And the old page
* cannot be reused until after the decremented
* mapcount is visible. So transitively, TLBs to
* old page will be flushed before it can be reused.
*/
page_remove_rmap(old_page);
}
/* Free the old page.. */
new_page = old_page;
ret |= VM_FAULT_WRITE;
} else
mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(new_page);
if (new_page)
page_cache_release(new_page);
if (old_page)
page_cache_release(old_page);
unlock:
pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);
if (dirty_page) {
/*
* Yes, Virginia, this is actually required to prevent a race
* with clear_page_dirty_for_io() from clearing the page dirty
* bit after it clear all dirty ptes, but before a racing
* do_wp_page installs a dirty pte.
*
* do_no_page is protected similarly.
*/
if (!page_mkwrite) {
wait_on_page_locked(dirty_page);
set_page_dirty_balance(dirty_page, page_mkwrite);
}
put_page(dirty_page);
if (page_mkwrite) {
struct address_space *mapping = dirty_page->mapping;
set_page_dirty(dirty_page);
unlock_page(dirty_page);
page_cache_release(dirty_page);
if (mapping) {
/*
* Some device drivers do not set page.mapping
* but still dirty their pages
*/
balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited(mapping);
}
}
/* file_update_time outside page_lock */
if (vma->vm_file)
file_update_time(vma->vm_file);
}
return ret;
oom_free_new:
page_cache_release(new_page);
oom:
if (old_page) {
if (page_mkwrite) {
unlock_page(old_page);
page_cache_release(old_page);
}
page_cache_release(old_page);
}
return VM_FAULT_OOM;
unwritable_page:
page_cache_release(old_page);
return ret;
}