在说ReactiveCocoa之前,先要介绍一下FRP(Functional Reactive Programming,响应式编程),在维基百科中有这样一个例子介绍:
在命令式编程环境中,a = b + c 表示将表达式的结果赋给a,而之后改变b或c的值不会影响a。但在响应式编程中,a的值会随着b或c的更新而更新。
Excel就是响应式编程的一个例子。单元格可以包含字面值或类似”=B1+C1″的公式,而包含公式的单元格的值会依据其他单元格的值的变化而变化 。
而ReactiveCocoa简称RAC,就是基于响应式编程思想的Objective-C实践,它是Github的一个开源项目,你可以在这里找到它。
关于FRP和ReactiveCocoa可以去看leezhong的这篇blog,图文并茂,讲的很好。
先来看一下leezhong再博文中提到的比喻,让你对有个ReactiveCocoa很好的理解:
可以把信号想象成水龙头,只不过里面不是水,而是玻璃球(value),直径跟水管的内径一样,这样就能保证玻璃球是依次排列,不会出现并排的情况(数据都是线性处理的,不会出现并发情况)。水龙头的开关默认是关的,除非有了接收方(subscriber),才会打开。这样只要有新的玻璃球进来,就会自动传送给接收方。可以在水龙头上加一个过滤嘴(filter),不符合的不让通过,也可以加一个改动装置,把球改变成符合自己的需求(map)。也可以把多个水龙头合并成一个新的水龙头(combineLatest:reduce:),这样只要其中的一个水龙头有玻璃球出来,这个新合并的水龙头就会得到这个球。
下面我来逐一介绍ReactiveCocoa框架的每个组件
Streams 表现为RACStream类,可以看做是水管里面流动的一系列玻璃球,它们有顺序的依次通过,在第一个玻璃球没有到达之前,你没法获得第二个玻璃球。
RACStream描述的就是这种线性流动玻璃球的形态,比较抽象,它本身的使用意义并不很大,一般会以signals或者sequences等这些更高层次的表现形态代替。
Signals 表现为RACSignal类,就是前面提到水龙头,ReactiveCocoa的核心概念就是Signal,它一般表示未来要到达的值,想象玻璃球一个个从水龙头里出来,只有了接收方(subscriber)才能获取到这些玻璃球(value)。
Signal会发送下面三种事件给它的接受方(subscriber),想象成水龙头有个指示灯来汇报它的工作状态,接受方通过-subscribeNext:error:completed:
对不同事件作出相应反应
一个生命周期的Signal可以发送任意多个“next”事件,和一个“error”或者“completed”事件(当然“error”和“completed”只可能出现一种)
subjects 表现为RACSubject类,可以认为是“可变的(mutable)”信号/自定义信号,它是嫁接非RAC代码到Signals世界的桥梁,很有用。嗯。。。 这样讲还是很抽象,举个例子吧:
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RACSubject *
letters
=
[
RACSubject
subject
]
;
RACSignal *
signal
=
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"a"
]
;
|
可以看到@"a"
只是一个NSString对象,要想在水管里顺利流动,就要借RACSubject的力。
command 表现为RACCommand类,偷个懒直接举个例子吧,比如一个简单的注册界面:
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RACSignal *
formValid
=
[
RACSignal
combineLatest
:
@
[
self
.
userNameField
.
rac_textSignal
,
self
.
emailField
.
rac_textSignal
,
]
reduce
:
^
(
NSString *
userName
,
NSString *
email
)
{
return
@
(
userName
.
length
&
gt
;
0
&
amp
;
&
amp
;
email
.
length
&
gt
;
0
)
;
}
]
;
RACCommand *
createAccountCommand
=
[
RACCommand
commandWithCanExecuteSignal
:
formValid
]
;
RACSignal *
networkResults
=
[
[
[
createAccountCommand
addSignalBlock
:
^
RACSignal *
(
id
value
)
{
//... 网络交互代码
}
]
switchToLatest
]
deliverOn
:
[
RACScheduler
mainThreadScheduler
]
]
;
// 绑定创建按钮的 UI state 和点击事件
[
[
self
.
createButton
rac_signalForControlEvents
:
UIControlEventTouchUpInside
]
executeCommand
:
createAccountCommand
]
;
|
sequence 表现为RACSequence类,可以简单看做是RAC世界的NSArray,RAC增加了-rac_sequence
方法,可以使诸如NSArray这些集合类(collection classes)直接转换为RACSequence来使用。
scheduler 表现为RACScheduler类,类似于GCD,but schedulers support cancellationbut schedulers support cancellation, and always execute serially.
实践出真知,下面就举一些简单的例子,一起看看RAC的使用
接收 -subscribeNext:
-subscribeError:
-subscribeCompleted:
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RACSignal *
letters
=
[
@
"A B C D E F G H I"
componentsSeparatedByString
:
@
" "
]
.
rac_sequence
.
signal
;
// 依次输出 A B C D…
[
letters
subscribeNext
:
^
(
NSString *
x
)
{
NSLog
(
@
"%@"
,
x
)
;
}
]
;
|
注入效果 -doNext:
-doError:
-doCompleted:
,看下面注释应该就明白了:
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__block
unsigned
subscriptions
=
0
;
RACSignal *
loggingSignal
=
[
RACSignal
createSignal
:
^
RACDisposable *
(
id
&
lt
;
RACSubscriber
&
gt
;
subscriber
)
{
subscriptions
++
;
[
subscriber
sendCompleted
]
;
return
nil
;
}
]
;
// 不会输出任何东西
loggingSignal
=
[
loggingSignal
doCompleted
:
^
{
NSLog
(
@
"about to complete subscription %u"
,
subscriptions
)
;
}
]
;
// 输出:
// about to complete subscription 1
// subscription 1
[
loggingSignal
subscribeCompleted
:
^
{
NSLog
(
@
"subscription %u"
,
subscriptions
)
;
}
]
;
|
-map:
映射,可以看做对玻璃球的变换、重新组装
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RACSequence *
letters
=
[
@
"A B C D E F G H I"
componentsSeparatedByString
:
@
" "
]
.
rac_sequence
;
// Contains: AA BB CC DD EE FF GG HH II
RACSequence *
mapped
=
[
letters
map
:
^
(
NSString *
value
)
{
return
[
value
stringByAppendingString
:
value
]
;
}
]
;
|
-filter:
过滤,不符合要求的玻璃球不允许通过
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7
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RACSequence *
numbers
=
[
@
"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9"
componentsSeparatedByString
:
@
" "
]
.
rac_sequence
;
// Contains: 2 4 6 8
RACSequence *
filtered
=
[
numbers
filter
:
^
BOOL
(
NSString *
value
)
{
return
(
value
.
intValue
%
2
)
==
0
;
}
]
;
|
-concat:
把一个水管拼接到另一个水管之后
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RACSequence *
letters
=
[
@
"A B C D E F G H I"
componentsSeparatedByString
:
@
" "
]
.
rac_sequence
;
RACSequence *
numbers
=
[
@
"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9"
componentsSeparatedByString
:
@
" "
]
.
rac_sequence
;
// Contains: A B C D E F G H I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RACSequence *
concatenated
=
[
letters
concat
:
numbers
]
;
|
-flatten:
Sequences are concatenated
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RACSequence *
letters
=
[
@
"A B C D E F G H I"
componentsSeparatedByString
:
@
" "
]
.
rac_sequence
;
RACSequence *
numbers
=
[
@
"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9"
componentsSeparatedByString
:
@
" "
]
.
rac_sequence
;
RACSequence *
sequenceOfSequences
=
@
[
letters
,
numbers
]
.
rac_sequence
;
// Contains: A B C D E F G H I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RACSequence *
flattened
=
[
sequenceOfSequences
flatten
]
;
|
Signals are merged (merge可以理解成把几个水管的龙头合并成一个,哪个水管中的玻璃球哪个先到先吐哪个玻璃球)
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RACSubject *
letters
=
[
RACSubject
subject
]
;
RACSubject *
numbers
=
[
RACSubject
subject
]
;
RACSignal *
signalOfSignals
=
[
RACSignal
createSignal
:
^
RACDisposable *
(
id
&
lt
;
RACSubscriber
&
gt
;
subscriber
)
{
[
subscriber
sendNext
:
letters
]
;
[
subscriber
sendNext
:
numbers
]
;
[
subscriber
sendCompleted
]
;
return
nil
;
}
]
;
RACSignal *
flattened
=
[
signalOfSignals
flatten
]
;
// Outputs: A 1 B C 2
[
flattened
subscribeNext
:
^
(
NSString *
x
)
{
NSLog
(
@
"%@"
,
x
)
;
}
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"A"
]
;
[
numbers
sendNext
:
@
"1"
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"B"
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"C"
]
;
[
numbers
sendNext
:
@
"2"
]
;
|
-flattenMap:
先 map 再 flatten
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RACSequence *
numbers
=
[
@
"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9"
componentsSeparatedByString
:
@
" "
]
.
rac_sequence
;
// Contains: 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9
RACSequence *
extended
=
[
numbers
flattenMap
:
^
(
NSString *
num
)
{
return
@
[
num
,
num
]
.
rac_sequence
;
}
]
;
// Contains: 1_ 3_ 5_ 7_ 9_
RACSequence *
edited
=
[
numbers
flattenMap
:
^
(
NSString *
num
)
{
if
(
num
.
intValue
%
2
==
0
)
{
return
[
RACSequence
empty
]
;
}
else
{
NSString *
newNum
=
[
num
stringByAppendingString
:
@
"_"
]
;
return
[
RACSequence
return
:
newNum
]
;
}
}
]
;
RACSignal *
letters
=
[
@
"A B C D E F G H I"
componentsSeparatedByString
:
@
" "
]
.
rac_sequence
.
signal
;
[
[
letters
flattenMap
:
^
(
NSString *
letter
)
{
return
[
database
saveEntriesForLetter
:
letter
]
;
}
]
subscribeCompleted
:
^
{
NSLog
(
@
"All database entries saved successfully."
)
;
}
]
;
|
-then:
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13
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RACSignal *
letters
=
[
@
"A B C D E F G H I"
componentsSeparatedByString
:
@
" "
]
.
rac_sequence
.
signal
;
// 新水龙头只包含: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
//
// 但当有接收时,仍会执行旧水龙头doNext的内容,所以也会输出 A B C D E F G H I
RACSignal *
sequenced
=
[
[
letters
doNext
:
^
(
NSString *
letter
)
{
NSLog
(
@
"%@"
,
letter
)
;
}
]
then
:
^
{
return
[
@
"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9"
componentsSeparatedByString
:
@
" "
]
.
rac_sequence
.
signal
;
}
]
;
|
+merge:
前面在flatten中提到的水龙头的合并
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RACSubject *
letters
=
[
RACSubject
subject
]
;
RACSubject *
numbers
=
[
RACSubject
subject
]
;
RACSignal *
merged
=
[
RACSignal
merge
:
@
[
letters
,
numbers
]
]
;
// Outputs: A 1 B C 2
[
merged
subscribeNext
:
^
(
NSString *
x
)
{
NSLog
(
@
"%@"
,
x
)
;
}
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"A"
]
;
[
numbers
sendNext
:
@
"1"
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"B"
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"C"
]
;
[
numbers
sendNext
:
@
"2"
]
;
|
+combineLatest:
任何时刻取每个水龙头吐出的最新的那个玻璃球
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|
RACSubject *
letters
=
[
RACSubject
subject
]
;
RACSubject *
numbers
=
[
RACSubject
subject
]
;
RACSignal *
combined
=
[
RACSignal
combineLatest
:
@
[
letters
,
numbers
]
reduce
:
^
(
NSString *
letter
,
NSString *
number
)
{
return
[
letter
stringByAppendingString
:
number
]
;
}
]
;
// Outputs: B1 B2 C2 C3
[
combined
subscribeNext
:
^
(
id
x
)
{
NSLog
(
@
"%@"
,
x
)
;
}
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"A"
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"B"
]
;
[
numbers
sendNext
:
@
"1"
]
;
[
numbers
sendNext
:
@
"2"
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"C"
]
;
[
numbers
sendNext
:
@
"3"
]
;
|
-switchToLatest:
取指定的那个水龙头的吐出的最新玻璃球
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21
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|
RACSubject *
letters
=
[
RACSubject
subject
]
;
RACSubject *
numbers
=
[
RACSubject
subject
]
;
RACSubject *
signalOfSignals
=
[
RACSubject
subject
]
;
RACSignal *
switched
=
[
signalOfSignals
switchToLatest
]
;
// Outputs: A B 1 D
[
switched
subscribeNext
:
^
(
NSString *
x
)
{
NSLog
(
@
"%@"
,
x
)
;
}
]
;
[
signalOfSignals
sendNext
:
letters
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"A"
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"B"
]
;
[
signalOfSignals
sendNext
:
numbers
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"C"
]
;
[
numbers
sendNext
:
@
"1"
]
;
[
signalOfSignals
sendNext
:
letters
]
;
[
numbers
sendNext
:
@
"2"
]
;
[
letters
sendNext
:
@
"D"
]
;
|
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2
3
4
|
RAC
(
self
.
submitButton
.
enabled
)
=
[
RACSignal
combineLatest
:
@
[
self
.
usernameField
.
rac_textSignal
,
self
.
passwordField
.
rac_textSignal
]
reduce
:
^
id
(
NSString *
userName
,
NSString *
password
)
{
return
@
(
userName
.
length
&
gt
;
=
6
&
amp
;
&
amp
;
password
.
length
&
gt
;
=
6
)
;
}
]
;
|
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2
3
4
|
[
RACObserve
(
self
.
textField
,
text
)
subscribeNext
:
^
(
NSString *
newName
)
{
NSLog
(
@
"%@"
,
newName
)
;
}
]
;
|
RAC为系统UI提供了很多category,非常棒,比如UITextView、UITextField文本框的改动rac_textSignal
,UIButton的的按下rac_command
等等。
有了RAC,可以不用去操心值什么时候到达什么时候改变,只需要简单的进行数据来了之后的步骤就可以了。
说了这么多,在回过头去看leezhong的比喻和该文最后总结的关系图,再好好梳理一下吧。我也是初学者,诚惶诚恐的呈上这篇博文,欢迎讨论,如有不正之处欢迎批评指正。
https://github.com/ReactiveCocoa/ReactiveCocoa
https://github.com/ReactiveCocoa/ReactiveCocoa/blob/master/Documentation/FrameworkOverview.md
https://github.com/ReactiveCocoa/ReactiveCocoa/blob/master/Documentation/BasicOperators.md
http://vimeo.com/65637501
http://iiiyu.com/2013/09/11/learning-ios-notes-twenty-eight/
http://blog.leezhong.com/ios/2013/06/19/frp-reactivecocoa.htmlhttp://nshipster.com/reactivecocoa/