【编程珠玑】第三章 数据决定程序结构

一,内容

        通过使用恰当的数据结构来替代复杂的代码。

二,习题

1、题目描述:本书出版之时,美国的个人收入所得税分为5种不同的税率,其中最大的税率大约为40%.以前的情况则更为复杂,税率也更高。下面所示的程序文本采用25个if语句的合理方法来计算1978年的美国联邦所得税。税率序列为0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18.....。序列中此后的计算大于0.01.有何建议呢?

if income <= 2200

tax = 0;

else if income <= 2700

tax = 0.14 * (income - 2200);

else if income <= 3200

tax = 70 + 0.15 * (income - 2700);

else if income <= 3700

tax = 145 + 0.16 * (income -3200);

else if income <= 4200

tax =225 + 0.17 * (income - 3700);

.......

else

tax =53090 + 0.70 * (income - 102200);

采用二分搜索定位到采用哪个分段函数,然后对应求出结果。

源码:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int basetax[100];
int lowerbound[100];
double taxrate[100];

int search(int lowerbound[],int income)
{
	int i=0;
	int j=99;
	int t=(i+j)/2;
	
	while(1)
	{
		
		if(income - lowerbound[t] < 50 && income - lowerbound[t] >=0)
			return t;
		else if(income - lowerbound[t] < 0) //在左侧寻找 
			{
				j=t;
				t=(i+j)/2;
				
			}
		else
			{
				i=t;
				t=(i+j)/2;
			}			
	}	
	return  -1;
	
}
int main()
{
	basetax[0]=0;
	lowerbound[0]=0;
	taxrate[0]=0;
	
	basetax[1]=0;
	lowerbound[1]=2200;
	taxrate[1]=0.14;
	
	for(int i=2;i<100;++i)
	{
		basetax[i]=75*i-80;
		lowerbound[i]=2200 + (i-1)*500;
		taxrate[i]=(double)(14 + i-1)/100;
	
	}	
	
	if(search(lowerbound,salary))
	{
		int salary=2202;
		int j=search(lowerbound,salary);

		double tax= basetax[j] +   (double)taxrate[j]*(salary -lowerbound[j]);
	
		cout<<tax<<endl;
	}
	
	return 0;
}

2、

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	int t=0;
	int i,k;
    int  n=10;
 	int c[10]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
 	int a[10]={0};
	for(k=1;k<n;++k)
	{
    	for(i=1;i<k;++i)
       		a[k] = a[k-i] * c [i];

		a[k] +=c[k+1];
	}
	for(i=0;i<n;++i)
		cout<<a[i]<<endl;
	
	return 0;
}


3、当要输入数据很多,且没有规律时,可以考虑编写一个格式信函发生器(form letter generator)用于解析格式信函模板(form letter schema)。将数据从控制层分离的好处在于:避免每次针对不同的数据编写不同的代码;当需要改变一些公用文本的输出方式时,直接编辑模板即可,并不需要对数据进行修改

题目要求:输入一个字母,输出一个字符数组,该数组要以图像的方式将该字母的大写打印出来。
对于26个字母,每个字母的外形并没有必然规律可循,最直接方法是编写26个函数,针对特定的字母编写特定的打印程序,这是个体力活,代码数量将非常巨大。联想上面的格式信函编程,可以考虑为字母的外形设计一个定制模板,自己规定一套模板编写的格式,然后写一个解析程序,每次打印字母时,只需解析字母对应的模板即可,这样主要的工作量就花在每个字母模板的编写上,当然模板的编写是相当简单的,将字母图形转化为相应的模板格式即可。例如: 一个字母可以利用length = 12, width = 9的矩阵来表示


x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
      x x x      
      x x x      
      x x x      
      x x x      
      x x x      
      x x x      
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
任何母都可以在这张表示出来,每个点就像一个像素点。下面就对字母I和L进行模板编码,编码要求
(1)用尽可能简单的方式表示上面的图像;
(2)方便程序解析;
(3)必须适用于所有的情况
根据书上给出的编码结构,上图可表示为:
39x
63b3x3b
39x
编码规则: 第一列表示要打印的行数,,后面的数字代表每行要打印的字符个数,个数后面紧跟要打印的字符,并用空格隔开。这里字母b表示空格。根据上述规则,字母L编码如下
93x6b
39x
x x x            
x x x            
x x x            
x x x            
x x x            
x x x            
x x x            
x x x            
x x x            
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x

4、日期处理

这里把所有相关的处理函数放出来。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

int days[12] = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}; 
typedefstruct _date 
{
int year, month, day; 
}date;

//看是否是闰年
int leap(int year) 
{
return (0 == year % 4 && year % 100) || year % 400 == 0; 
}

//看是时间是否有效
int legal(date a) 
{
if (a.month <0 || a.month > 12) return 0; 
if (a.month == 2) return a.day > 0 && a.day <= (28 + leap(a.year)); 
return a.day >0 && a.day <= days[a.month -1]; 
}


//比较时间
int datecmp(date a, date b) 
{
if (a.year != b.year) return a.year - b.year; 
if (a.month != b.month) return a.month - b.month; 
return a.day - b.day; 
}


//计算周几?
int weekday(date a) 
{
inttm = a.month >= 3 ? (a.month - 2) : (a.month + 10); 
int ty = a.month >= 3 ? (a.year) : (a.year - 1); 
return (ty + ty/4 - ty/100 + ty/400 + (int)(2.6 * tm - 0.2) + a.day) % 7; 
}

//时间化为天数
int date2int(date a) 
{
int i ; 
int ret = a.year * 365 + (a.year - 1) / 4 - (a.year -1) / 100 + (a.year - 1) / 400; 
days[1] += leap(a.year);
for (i = 0; i < a.month - 1; ret += days[i++]); 
days[1] = 28;
return ret + a.day; 
}

//天数化为时间
date int2date(int a) 
{
date ret;
int i = 0; 
ret.year = a/146097*400;
for (a %= 146097; a >= 365+leap(ret.year); 
a -= 365 + leap(ret.year), ret.year++);
days[i] += leap(ret.year);
for (ret.month = 1; a >= days[ret.month - 1]; a -= days[ret.month - 1], ret.month++);
days[1] = 28;
ret.day = a + 1;
return ret; 
}

//计算距离
int dist(date a, date b) 
{
int ad = date2int(a); 
int bd = date2int(b); 
return ad - bd > ? ad - bd : bd - ad; 
}


//生成日历
void cal(date a) 
{
int i, w, j, k; 
a.day = 1;
if (a.month == 2) { k = days[a.month - 1] + leap(a.year);} 
else k = days[a.month - 1]; 

printf(" %2d月%4d年 \n", a.month, a.year);
printf("日 一 二 三 四 五 六\n");
w = weekday(a);
i = w % 7;while (i--) printf(" "); printf("%2d", 1); 
if (w % 7 == 6) printf("\n"); ++w; 

for (i = 1; i <= k; ++i, w = (w + 1) % 7) 
{
if (w % 7 == 0) printf("%2d", i); 
else printf(" %2d", i); 
if (w % 7 == 6) printf("\n");
}
}



第5题,解法是hash表中带hash。第一个以ic, tic 等做hash

首先根据后缀找到hash_set,再把余下的字段,依次在hash_set中查找,并取出最长的。

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string>
#include<iterator>
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<hash_map>
#include<hash_set>

usingnamespace std; 
usingnamespace stdext; 

char *p[] = {"et-ic","al-is-tic","s-tic","p-tic","-lyt-ic","ot-ic","an-tic",
"n-tic","c-tic","at-ic","h-nic","n-ic","m-ic","l-lic","b-lic","-clic","l-ic",
"h-ic","f-ic","d-ic","-bic","a-ic","-mac","i-ac"};


void build_map(hash_map<string, hash_set<string> >& dict) 
{
constint n = sizeof(p)/sizeof(char *); 
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) 
{
string line = p[i]; reverse(line.begin(), line.end());
int pos = line.find('-');
dict[line.substr(0, pos)].insert(line.substr(pos + 1, line.length() - pos - 1)); 
}
}

string lookup(hash_map<string, hash_set<string> >& dict, string word) 
{
string line = word; reverse(line.begin(), line.end());
int pos = line.find('-');
string ret;

hash_map<string, hash_set<string> >::iterator iter;
if (dict.end() != (iter = dict.find(line.substr(0, pos)))) 
{
hash_set<string> &h = iter->second;
string temp = line.substr(pos + 1, line.length() - pos - 1); 
for (int j = 1; j <= temp.length(); ++j) 
{
string c = temp.substr(0, j);
if (h.find(c) != h.end() && c.length() > ret.length()) 
ret = c;
}
}
ret = iter->first +"-" + ret;
reverse(ret.begin(), ret.end());
return ret; 
}
int main(void)
{
string sline;
hash_map<string, hash_set<string> > dict;
build_map(dict);

while (cin >> sline) 
{
cout << lookup(dict, sline) << endl;
}
return 0; 
}


 


6、这个可以用python来写,下面先看一下示例代码。

模板文件/tmp/win03.domain.template

[python] view plaincopy;SetupMgrTag
[Unattended]

[GuiUnattended]
AdminPassword=${admin_password}
EncryptedAdminPassword=NO

OEMSkipRegional=1

[UserData]
ComputerName=${computer_name}


 


代码

[python] view plaincopyimport os 

Template =None
if Template isNone:
t = __import__('Cheetah.Template', globals(), locals(), 
['Template'], -1)
Template = t.Template

fp = open('/tmp/unattend.xml','w')
tem = open('/tmp/win03.domain.template').read()
domain_list = {'computer_name':'computer',
'admin_password':'admin',
'Use':'Use'}
info = str(Template(tem, searchList=[domain_list]))
fp.write(info)
fp.close()


如果采用C++实现,并且${}里面的代单词表明是要被替换的单词。那么处理方法如下:

[python] view plaincopyvoid Template(char *fname, char *temp_fname, map<string, string>& dict) 
{
ofstream output(fname);
ifstream temp(temp_fname);
string line;
while (getline(temp, line, '\n'))
{
int bpos =0;
string::size_type pos =0;
while (string::npos != (pos = line.find("${", bpos))) 
{
string::size_type epos = line.find("}", pos); 
string t = line.substr(pos +2, epos - pos -2);
cout << t << endl;
map<string, string>::iterator iter = dict.find(t);
if (dict.end() != iter) 
{
line.replace(pos, epos - bpos +1, iter->second);
bpos += iter->second.length();
}
else
{
bpos = epos +1;
}
}
output << line <<"\n\r";
}
temp.close();
output.close();
}



7、略去,比较扯

8、2^16 = 65536个数。所以5个七段显示器肯定是够用的。

因为最大的数 65535 有五位数。

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
using namespace std;

void  showNumber(int i)
{
	int j=i;
	switch(j)
	{
		case 0:printf(" --\n");break;
		case 1:printf("|");break;
		case 2:printf("  |\n");break;
		case 3:printf(" --\n");break;
		case 4:printf("|");break;
		case 5:printf("  |\n");break;
		case 6:printf(" --\n");break;
		default :break; 
	};
}
void  showNullNumber(int i)
{
	switch(i)
	{
		case 0:printf("\n");break;
		case 1:printf(" ");break;
		case 2:printf("   \n");break;
		case 3:printf("");break;
		case 4:printf(" ");break;
		case 5:printf("   \n");break;
		case 6:printf("\n");break;
		default :break; 
	};
}

void GraphFigure(int i)
{
	int show[7];
	int show0[]={1,1,1,0,1,1,1};
	int show1[]={0,1,0,0,1,0,0};
	int show2[]={1,0,1,1,1,0,1};
	int show3[]={1,0,1,1,0,1,1};
	int show4[]={0,1,1,1,0,1,0};
	int show5[]={1,1,0,1,0,1,1};
	int show6[]={1,1,0,1,1,1,1};
	int show7[]={1,0,1,0,0,1,0};
	int show8[]={1,1,1,1,1,1,1};
	int show9[]={1,1,1,1,0,1,1};
	
	
	switch(i)
	{
		case 0:memcpy(show,show0,sizeof(show));break;
		case 1:memcpy(show,show1,sizeof(show));break;
		case 2:memcpy(show,show2,sizeof(show));break;
		case 3:memcpy(show,show3,sizeof(show));break;
		case 4:memcpy(show,show4,sizeof(show));break;
		case 5:memcpy(show,show5,sizeof(show));break;
		case 6:memcpy(show,show6,sizeof(show));break;
		case 7:memcpy(show,show7,sizeof(show));break;
		case 8:memcpy(show,show8,sizeof(show));break;
		case 9:memcpy(show,show9,sizeof(show));break;
		default :break; 
	};
	for(int i=0;i<7;++i)
	{
		if(1 == show[i])
			showNumber(i);
		else
			showNullNumber(i);
	}

}
int main()
{
   for(int i=0;i<10;++i)
   {	
       GraphFigure(i);
       cout<<"\n\n";
   	
   }
	return 0;
}


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