原文地址:http://elinux.org/Hawkboard/Programming_Guide_-Linux(ARM)
Linux Programmer’s Guide
This guide assume basic knowledge of Kernel(uImage) and RootFS and prior knowledge of C programming .
Toolchain are Chain or set of programming tools for building an apps , it could include following :
More info regarding Toolchain can read on Toolchains page.
a)Native toolchain
Native toolchains are tools which makes binaries for the environment where the toolchain itself is being run (i.e. Host and target are same platform. This type of Compilation process is called Native compilation .Meaning that the program is compiled on same platform where it has to be run. Most common example of Native compilation is compilation for normal PC based program ,they are compiled and run on same machine.
Native compilation doesn't involve any Makefile changes hence ease in compilation.
Earlier embedded devices had very less memory and space and also limited Input-output peripherals, hence Native compilation was not possible or very difficult. But with the advent of powerful embedded ARM processor its now possible to make application on the platform itself. Same can be done in Hawkboard too but Compilation will be slower as compare to that in x86 machine.
b)Cross Toolchain
Toolchain which are used to compile the application that will run of different machine(architecture) .This is usually used for embedded apps (e.g ARM programming) You program/compile in x86 environment and run in ARM Board. This type of compiling is called cross compiling.
Since native compilation is either not possible or very slow ,Cross compilation present a better alternative for faster development .Only drawback is to properly set build environment and Makefiles. Cross Compilation is most common way of Development in Embedded System.
c)Hybrid Toolchain
It similar to native toolchain,but infact toolchain run in virtualised environment on Host.Simple example is QEMU -ARM Running on X86 Linux & you are developing application inside this Virtual environment.
This has advantage of both Native and Cross compilation.Speed of cross compilation & Ease of Native development.
Various solution exists, One is scratchbox ,another is ChrootEABI feature in Ubuntu.
d)Canadian Toolchain The Canadian Cross is a technique for building cross compilers for other machines. Given three machines A, B, and C, one uses machine A to build a cross compiler that runs on machine B to create executables for machine C. Not practiced normally .
There are various ways to compile the application natively on hawkboard.
If you are using Ubuntu as Development Host,Ubuntu provides a Script Rootstock that provides a easy way of making Root Filesystem.Give gcc,vi,g++ as seed parameter to rootstock script and you will have a GNU Toolchain inside the rootfs.
Then write/compile/run as you do for x86 program.
This needs rootstock to installed on Ubuntu (9.10)
apt-get install rootstock
Once rootstock is installed run following line on host pc to make Ubuntu Rootfs
host$sudo rootstock --fqdn localhost.com --login <user> --password <password> --imagesize 2G --dist jaunty --serial ttyS2 --seed ubuntu-minimal,gcc,vim,g++,openssh,subversion,apt
<user> is user name <password> is password that will be required once this rootfs is booted on hawkboard
imagesize is max size allocated to rootfs.you can keep it same as ur USB Drive /SD card .
Seed parameter tells which packages to be included in rootfs.include atleast gcc,vim (any editor),build-essential packages.
This will take couple of hours to completely download packages you have mentioned and to make a rootfs.
After completion of command it will create some file such as
armel-rootfs-2010xxxxxxxx.tgz
This is compressed rootfilesytem extract it on a SD card or NFS Folder and boot using one of the method described in beginners/guide
Set proper user group and rights of File
sudo tar xfp armel-rootfs-**********.tgz chown -R root.root * chmod -R 777 * chmod 440 etc/sudoers chown root:root usr/bin/sudo chmod 4111 usr/bin/sudo
The sample RootFS Containing gcc,vi etc is available for Download at
http://hawktool.googlecode.com/files/RootFS_v1.tar.bz2
Select Hawkboard from the List http://www.angstrom-distribution.org/narcissus/
Angstrom Distribution provides following dev packages
Select atleast Toolchain to get GCC.
Fedora like ubuntu's rootstock provide a script rfsbuild that generates rootfs you can include gcc in package list to include it as native toolchain.
More info http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Architectures/ARM/RfsBuild
Even though you havent selected gcc as packages in any of the above distribution you can use the native gcc toolchain from Impactlinux. Download from here [1]
Extract and properly export the path of native-compiler-armv5l/bin and you can compile the apps on hawkboard. use [Static linking] instead of dynamic linking .
gcc hello-world.c -static
This toolchain uses uClibc instead of standard glibc as library which better suited for embedded environment.
There are Lots of readily available tool chains that you can extract and start compiling apps on x86 architecture and finally load and run on hawkboard.
This is the most common toolchain used for OMAP.Codesourcery provides both a free version and licensed release toolchain. Free version can be downloaded from the link below
http://www.codesourcery.com/public/gnu_toolchain/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/arm-2009q3-67-arm-none-linux-gnueabi-i686-pc-linux-gnu.tar.bz2
host$ chmod +x arm-2009q3-67-arm-none-linux-gnueabi.bin
Run the installer and follow the steps it presents to install the package.
host$ ./arm-2009q3-67-arm-none-linux-gnueabi.bin or
if you are using tar file than extract
host$Tar xvf arm-2009q3-67-arm-none-linux-gnueabi-i686-pc-linux-gnu.tar.bz2
If you installed in the default path, you can find the files at /home/<user>/CodeSourcery. Ensure the Code Sourcery tools are in the path by adding the following
host$ export PATH=/home/<user>/arm-2009q3/bin:$PATH
to the ~/.bashrc file. You can then source the ~/.bashrc file with the following command or restart the bash shell
host$ source ~/.bashrc
arm-none-linux-gnueab-gcc -Wall -o hello hello.c
Note: 1.On ubuntu it might fail as it uses 'dash' as a shell (the Debian shell). To reconfigure for the bash shell, use the following command:
host$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure -plow dash
2.If you are using 64-bit Linux host, ensure that ia32-libs are installed
host$ sudo apt-get install ia32-libs
ImpactLinux Provides a uClibc based Toolchain
http://impactlinux.com/fwl/downloads/binaries/cross-compiler-armv5l.tar.bz2
Extract native-compiler-armv5l.tar.bz2 using
tar xvf cross-compiler-armv5l.tar.bz2
Source the Path of cross-compiler-armv5l\bin and compile the C program using
If you are using a Fedora as host environment than easiest way is to use Fedora ARM Toolchain. Fedora provides arm toolchain packages for i386 and x86_64 that are built from the same sources as the Fedora native toolchain packages (binutils, gcc, gdb, glibc.) To install this toolchain on your Fedora machine, do:
# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ # wget http://fedora-arm.wantstofly.org/cross/cross.repo # yum install armv5tel-redhat-linux-gnueabi-gcc
This will install everything necessary to run the C compiler and cross-build ARM libraries and binaries that are entirely binary compatible with the native Fedora/ARM libraries and binaries.
Cross-compiling ARM userland binaries
To cross-compile the canonical Hello World example for ARM, do:
$ armv5tel-redhat-linux-gnueabi-gcc -Wall -o hello hello.c
Cross-compiling ARM kernels
You can also use the cross-toolchain to cross-build an ARM Linux kernel, by changing these two lines in the top-level Makefile:
ARCH ?= $(SUBARCH) CROSS_COMPILE ?=
to:
ARCH ?= arm CROSS_COMPILE ?= armv5tel-redhat-linux-gnueabi-
and then building your kernel as usual.
There are various Toolchain building Scripts to make a Custom toolchain ,If you are not planning a prebuilt Toolchain from Codesoucery.
Buildroot is a set of Makefiles and patches that makes it easy to generate a cross-compilation toolchain and root filesystem for your target Linux system using the uClibc C library. Buildroot is useful mainly for people working with small or embedded system.
Scratchbox is a cross-compilation toolkit designed to make embedded Linux application development easier. It also provides a full set of tools to integrate and cross-compile an entire Linux distribution.
Bitbake is the tool used by OpenEmbedded. The best way to get started is probably by just building an existing distribution that uses openembedded (e.g. Ångström, seehttp://www.angstrom-distribution.org for details).
Once the application has been compiled on the Host ,It needs to Transferred to Hawkboard. One of many ways could be used.
1.NFS Boot:- If you are using NFS Boot to load RootFS,Then you can simple copy paste the Binary in home dir or any folder of NFS Shared folder.Once Binary has been transferred execute it as usual.
2.SD/USB Drive-Binary can also be transferred if you SD Card or USB Port is empty by inserting the Card or USB Drive Containing the Binary,Mounting and subsequently accessing it.
3.FTP /SCP :-If RootFS contains ftp or scp you can also used that to copy compiled binary from Host to Target(Hawkboard)
3.Wget Preferred method would be to wget the file from Host,It avoids need of setting FTP or SCP,only thing is that you need to share the File containing binary through HTTP Server.
Python has a simple HTTP Server in built,And since most Linux machine will containing python to share the binary over HTTP on host
host$ cd programs host$ python -m SimpleHTTPServer
This will start http server on port 8000 ,on Target simply run wget to access the file
Target$ wget http://<ip of host>:8000/a.out
There is module in ubuntu that allows binaries of other machine(ARM,MIPS etc) to allowed to run along with X86 binaries
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install qemu-arm-static sudo build-arm-chroot jaunty eabi-chroot
This creates a chroot environment in folder /home/<user>/eabi-chroot
user@loval$ sudo chroot eabi-chroot root@local:/# uname -m armv5tel
Now you can build/test packages etc, the chroot works like any other x86 chroot on your system as long as you have the qemu-arm-static package installed with the advantage that you can make use of all resources your host system provides (CPU speed, RAM, diskspeed etc) To copy files or Native toolchain to Chroot environment you must exit out of chroot and copy as normal then chroot to "chroot-eabi" directory.
Without chrooting i.e. cd to /home/<user>/eabi-chroot & Copy the ImpactLinux's Native Toolchain
(native-compiler-armv5l.tar.bz2) to /home/user/eabi-chroot/
Export path of /home/user/eabi-chroot/native-compiler-armv5l/bin Now compile any program as
Gcc hello.c –static
A C library is precompiled object file of Standard C funtions.
GNU Toolchain i.e GCC uses Glibc as Standard C library.
While most of the Embedded Devices uses Size optimize Library uClibc. Hence Statically Linked binaries using uClibc are much smaller than Glibc Linked Binary
Below shows a comparison of Hello-World Program Statically combined on two Libraries
Static linking is to combine an application program with the parts of various library routines it uses.
Main advantage in using this is that you don't care about dependencies ,binary will be able to run on different
machine.Also Statically Linked binary runs faster
Disadvantage is the RAM & Flash is wasted by duplicating the same library code in every static linked process,as statically linked file is significantly of greater size.
to Statically link libraries to Code add -Static to gcc.
gcc -static Hello-world.c
output of ldd & File' command
$ gcc hello.c -static $ file a.out a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.15, not stripped $ ldd a.out not a dynamic executable
Dynamic Linking Dynamic linking involves loading the subroutines of a library into an application program at load time or runtime, rather than linking them in at compile time; the subroutines remain as separate files on disk.Libraries can be called by multiple programs. This saves lots of space ,only drawback being porting of application you need to have depended libraries copied to another system when you are porting your apps.
Normally a program when compiled is dynamically linked ,this can be check using ldd & File commmand
$ gcc hello.c $ file a.out a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.15, not stripped $ ldd a.out libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6 (0x00b0d000) /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00711000)
Shows libc.so (Standard C library)
Shows libraries being used