Python已经是3.1版本了,与时俱进更新教程.
- 本文适合有Java编程经验的程序员快速熟悉Python
- 本文程序在windows xp+python3.1a1 测试通过.
- 本文提到的idle指python shell,即安装python后你在菜单看到的IDLE(python gui)
- 在idle里ctrl+n可以打开一个新窗口,输入源码后ctrl+s可以保存,f5运行程序.
- 凡打开新窗口即指ctrl+n的操作.
1 你好
#
打开新窗口,输入:
#
! /usr/bin/python
#
-*- coding: utf8 -*-
s1
=
input(
"
Input your name:
"
)
print
(
"
你好,%s
"
%
s1)
'''
知识点:
* input("某字符串")函数:显示"某字符串",并等待用户输入.
* print()函数:如何打印.
* 如何应用中文
* 如何用多行注释
'''
2 字符串和数字
但有趣的是,在javascript里我们会理想当然的将字符串和数字连接,因为是动态语言嘛.但在Python里有点诡异,如下:
#
! /usr/bin/python
a
=
2
b
=
"
test
"
c
=
a
+
b
运行这行程序会出错,提示你字符串和数字不能连接,于是只好用内置函数进行转换
#
! /usr/bin/python
#
运行这行程序会出错,提示你字符串和数字不能连接,于是只好用内置函数进行转换
a
=
2
b
=
"
test
"
c
=
str(a)
+
b
d
=
"
1111
"
e
=
a
+
int(d)
#
How to print multiply values
print
(
"
c is %s,e is %i
"
%
(c,e))
'''
知识点:
* 用int和str函数将字符串和数字进行转换
* 打印以#开头,而不是习惯的//
* 打印多个参数的方式
'''
3 列表
#
! /usr/bin/python
#
-*- coding: utf8 -*-
#
列表类似Javascript的数组,方便易用
#
定义元组
word
=
[
'
a
'
,
'
b
'
,
'
c
'
,
'
d
'
,
'
e
'
,
'
f
'
,
'
g
'
]
#
如何通过索引访问元组里的元素
a
=
word[
2
]
print
(
"
a is:
"
+
a)
b
=
word[
1
:
3
]
print
(
"
b is:
"
)
print
(b)
#
index 1 and 2 elements of word.
c
=
word[:
2
]
print
(
"
c is:
"
)
print
(c)
#
index 0 and 1 elements of word.
d
=
word[0:]
print
(
"
d is:
"
)
print
(d)
#
All elements of word.
#
元组可以合并
e
=
word[:
2
]
+
word[
2
:]
print
(
"
e is:
"
)
print
(e)
#
All elements of word.
f
=
word[
-
1
]
print
(
"
f is:
"
)
print
(f)
#
The last elements of word.
g
=
word[
-
4
:
-
2
]
print
(
"
g is:
"
)
print
(g)
#
index 3 and 4 elements of word.
h
=
word[
-
2
:]
print
(
"
h is:
"
)
print
(h)
#
The last two elements.
i
=
word[:
-
2
]
print
(
"
i is:
"
)
print
(i)
#
Everything except the last two characters
l
=
len(word)
print
(
"
Length of word is:
"
+
str(l))
print
(
"
Adds new element
"
)
word.append(
'
h
'
)
print
(word)
#
删除元素
del
word[0]
print
(word)
del
word[
1
:
3
]
print
(word)
'''
知识点:
* 列表长度是动态的,可任意添加删除元素.
* 用索引可以很方便访问元素,甚至返回一个子列表
* 更多方法请参考Python的文档
'''
4 字典
#
! /usr/bin/python
x
=
{
'
a
'
:
'
aaa
'
,
'
b
'
:
'
bbb
'
,
'
c
'
:
12
}
print
(x[
'
a
'
])
print
(x[
'
b
'
])
print
(x[
'
c
'
])
for
key
in
x:
print
(
"
Key is %s and value is %s
"
%
(key,x[key]))
'''
知识点:
* 将他当Java的Map来用即可.
'''
5 字符串
比起C/C++,Python处理字符串的方式实在太让人感动了.把字符串当列表来用吧.
#
! /usr/bin/python
word
=
"
abcdefg
"
a
=
word[
2
]
print
(
"
a is:
"
+
a)
b
=
word[
1
:
3
]
print
(
"
b is:
"
+
b)
#
index 1 and 2 elements of word.
c
=
word[:
2
]
print
(
"
c is:
"
+
c)
#
index 0 and 1 elements of word.
d
=
word[0:]
print
(
"
d is:
"
+
d)
#
All elements of word.
e
=
word[:
2
]
+
word[
2
:]
print
(
"
e is:
"
+
e)
#
All elements of word.
f
=
word[
-
1
]
print
(
"
f is:
"
+
f)
#
The last elements of word.
g
=
word[
-
4
:
-
2
]
print
(
"
g is:
"
+
g)
#
index 3 and 4 elements of word.
h
=
word[
-
2
:]
print
(
"
h is:
"
+
h)
#
The last two elements.
i
=
word[:
-
2
]
print
(
"
i is:
"
+
i)
#
Everything except the last two characters
l
=
len(word)
print
(
"
Length of word is:
"
+
str(l))
中文和英文的字符串长度是否一样?
#
! /usr/bin/python
#
-*- coding: utf8 -*-
s
=
input(
"
输入你的中文名,按回车继续
"
);
print
(
"
你的名字是 :
"
+
s)
l
=
len(s)
print
(
"
你中文名字的长度是:
"
+
str(l))
知识点:
- 类似Java,在python3里所有字符串都是unicode,所以长度一致.
6 条件和循环语句
#
! /usr/bin/python
#
条件和循环语句
x
=
int(input(
"
Please enter an integer:
"
))
if
x
<
0:
x
=
0
print
(
"
Negative changed to zero
"
)
elif
x
==
0:
print
(
"
Zero
"
)
else
:
print
(
"
More
"
)
#
Loops List
a
=
[
'
cat
'
,
'
window
'
,
'
defenestrate
'
]
for
x
in
a:
print
(x, len(x))
#
知识点:
#
* 条件和循环语句
#
* 如何得到控制台输入
7 函数
#
! /usr/bin/python
#
-*- coding: utf8 -*-
def
sum(a,b):
return
a
+
b
func
=
sum
r
=
func(
5
,
6
)
print
(r)
#
提供默认值
def
add(a,b
=
2
):
return
a
+
b
r
=
add(
1
)
print
(r)
r
=
add(
1
,
5
)
print
(r)
一个好用的函数
#
! /usr/bin/python
#
-*- coding: utf8 -*-
#
The range() function
a
=
range (
1
,
10
)
for
i
in
a:
print
(i)
a
=
range(
-
2
,
-
11
,
-
3
)
#
The 3rd parameter stands for step
for
i
in
a:
print
(i)
知识点:
- Python 不用{}来控制程序结构,他强迫你用缩进来写程序,使代码清晰.
- 定义函数方便简单
- 方便好用的range函数
8 异常处理
#
! /usr/bin/python
s
=
input(
"
Input your age:
"
)
if
s
==
""
:
raise
Exception(
"
Input must no be empty.
"
)
try
:
i
=
int(s)
except
Exception as err:
print
(err)
finally
:
#
Clean up action
print
(
"
Goodbye!
"
)
9 文件处理
对比Java,python的文本处理再次让人感动
#
! /usr/bin/python
spath
=
"
D:/download/baa.txt
"
f
=
open(spath,
"
w
"
)
#
Opens file for writing.Creates this file doesn't exist.
f.write(
"
First line 1./n
"
)
f.writelines(
"
First line 2.
"
)
f.close()
f
=
open(spath,
"
r
"
)
#
Opens file for reading
for
line
in
f:
print
(
"
每一行的数据是:%s
"
%
line)
f.close()
知识点:
- open的参数:r表示读,w写数据,在写之前先清空文件内容,a打开并附加内容.
- 打开文件之后记得关闭
10 类和继承
class
Base:
def
__init__
(self):
self.data
=
[]
def
add(self, x):
self.data.append(x)
def
addtwice(self, x):
self.add(x)
self.add(x)
#
Child extends Base
class
Child(Base):
def
plus(self,a,b):
return
a
+
b
oChild
=
Child()
oChild.add(
"
str1
"
)
print
(oChild.data)
print
(oChild.plus(
2
,
3
))
'''
知识点:
* self:类似Java的this参数
'''
11 包机制
每一个.py文件称为一个module,module之间可以互相导入.请参看以下例子:
#
a.py
def
add_func(a,b):
return
a
+
b
#
b.py
from
a
import
add_func
#
Also can be : import a
print
(
"
Import add_func from module a
"
)
print
(
"
Result of 1 plus 2 is:
"
)
print
(add_func(
1
,
2
))
#
If using "import a" , then here should be "a.add_func"
module可以定义在包里面.Python定义包的方式稍微有点古怪,假设我们有一个parent文件夹,该文件夹有一个child子文件夹.child中有一个module a.py . 如何让Python知道这个文件层次结构?很简单,每个目录都放一个名为_init _.py 的文件.该文件内容可以为空.这个层次结构如下所示:
parent
--
__init_.py
--
child
--
__init_.py
--
a.py
b.py
那么Python如何找到我们定义的module?在标准包sys中,path属性记录了Python的包路径.你可以将之打印出来:
import sys
print(sys.path)
通常我们可以将module的包路径放到环境变量PYTHONPATH中,该环境变量会自动添加到sys.path属性.另一种方便的方法是编程中直接指定我们的module路径到sys.path 中:
import
sys
import
os
sys.path.append(os.getcwd()
+
'
//parent//child
'
)
print
(sys.path)
from
a
import
add_func
print
(sys.path)
print
(
"
Import add_func from module a
"
)
print
(
"
Result of 1 plus 2 is:
"
)
print
(add_func(
1
,
2
))
知识点:
- 如何定义模块和包
- 如何将模块路径添加到系统路径,以便python找到它们
- 如何得到当前路径
12 内建帮助手册
对比C++,Java的突出进步是内建Javadoc机制,程序员可以通过阅读Javadoc了解函数用法.Python也内建了一些方便函数以便程序员参考.
- dir函数: 查看某个类/对象的方法. 如果有某个方法想不起来,请敲dir. 在idle里,试试 dir(list)
- help函数: 详细的类/对象介绍. 在idle里, 试试 help(list)