[转]无盘ubuntu详细笔记

第一步 安装tftp服务器
tftpd

1 安装

root@ubuntu:/# apt-get install tftpd-hpa
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
正在分析软件包的依赖关系树
Reading state information... 完成
下列【新】软件包将被安装：
tftpd-hpa
共升级了 0 个软件包，新安装了 1 个软件包，要卸载 0 个软件包，有 0 个软件未被升级。
需要下载 34.0kB 的软件包。
解压缩后会消耗掉 152kB 的额外空间。
获取：1 http://Ubuntu.cn99.com gutsy/main tftpd-hpa 0.43-1.1ubuntu1 [34.0kB]
下载 34.0kB，耗时 5s (5921B/s)
正在预设定软件包 ...
选中了曾被取消选择的软件包 tftpd-hpa。
(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前总共安装有 112536 个文件和目录。)
正在解压缩 tftpd-hpa (从 .../tftpd-hpa_0.43-1.1ubuntu1_i386.deb) ...
正在设置 tftpd-hpa (0.43-1.1ubuntu1) ...

root@ubuntu:/#

2 设置tftpd
root@ubuntu:~# nano /etc/default/tftpd-hpa
#Defaults for tftpd-hpa
RUN_DAEMON="yes "

#上面这句表示启动守护进程，tftpd工作
OPTIONS="-l -s /var/lib/tftpboot"
#上面这句表示tftp客户端能取得的文件所存放的位置

3 启动服务

root@ubuntu:/# /etc/init.d/tftpd-hpa start
Starting HPA's tftpd: in.tftpd.
root@ubuntu:/# ps aux|grep tftp
root 26853 0.0 0.1 2196 288 ? Ss 17:26 0:00 /usr/sbin/in.tftpd -l -s /var/lib/tftpboot
root 26862 0.0 0.2 3180 748 pts/1 R+ 17:27 0:00 grep tftp
root@ubuntu:/#

4 查看服务是否开始工作

root@ubuntu:/# netstat -pna|grep tft
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:69 0.0.0.0:* 26853/in.tftpd
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 164700 26853/in.tftpd
root@ubuntu:/#

第二步 安装dhcp服务器
dhcpd

1 服务器环境

root@ubuntu:/# uname -a
Linux ubuntu 2.6.22-14-generic #1 SMP Sun Oct 14 23:05:12 GMT 2007 i686 GNU/Linux
root@ubuntu:/#

2 安装命令 ---我下面是已经安装好了的，如果没有安装好的输入命令apt-get install dhcp3-server 就可以了
root@ubuntu:/# apt-get install dhcp3-server
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
正在分析软件包的依赖关系树
Reading state information... 完成
dhcp3-server 已经是最新的版本了。
共升级了 0 个软件包，新安装了 0 个软件包，要卸载 0 个软件包，有 0 个软件未被升级。

3 设置dhcpd工作接口

root@ubuntu:~# nano /etc/default/dhcp3-server
# Defaults for dhcp initscript
# sourced by /etc/init.d/dhcp
# installed at /etc/default/dhcp3-server by the maintainer scripts

#
# This is a POSIX shell fragment
#

# On what interfaces should the DHCP server (dhcpd) serve DHCP requests?
# Separate multiple interfaces with spaces, e.g. "eth0 eth1".

# 下面这句用来定义工作接口，如果是多个就中间空格
# 比如INTERFACES="eth0 eth1 eth2"
INTERFACES="eth0"

4 主要设置

root@ubuntu:~# nano /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf

#
# Sample configuration file for ISC dhcpd for Debian
#
# $Id: dhcpd.conf,v 1.1.1.1 2002/05/21 00:07:44 peloy Exp $
#

# The ddns-updates-style parameter controls whether or not the server will
# attempt to do a DNS update when a lease is confirmed. We default to the
# behavior of the version 2 packages ('none', since DHCP v2 didn't
# have support for DDNS.)
ddns-update-style none;


#下面是全局设置，这里定义的信息全dhcp服务器生效
#我一般注释掉了，下面可以分不同的子网进行设置
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
#option domain-name "apt-get.cn";
#option domain-name-servers 202.103.0.117, 202.103.24.68;
#default-lease-time 600;
#max-lease-time 7200;

# If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
# network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
#authoritative;

# Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also
# have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection).
log-facility local7;

# No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the
# DHCP server to understand the network topology.

#subnet 10.152.187.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
#}

# This is a very basic subnet declaration.

#subnet 10.254.239.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
# range 10.254.239.10 10.254.239.20;
# option routers rtr-239-0-1.example.org, rtr-239-0-2.example.org;
#}

# This declaration allows BOOTP clients to get dynamic addresses,
# which we don't really recommend.

#subnet 10.254.239.32 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
# range dynamic-bootp 10.254.239.40 10.254.239.60;
# option broadcast-address 10.254.239.31;
# option routers rtr-239-32-1.example.org;
#}

# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
#subnet设置一个子网192.168.1.0/24
#range定义可以分配出去的地址为1.50到1.70
#option domain-name-servers定义dns为202.103.0.117等三个，这里注意每个之间要有个逗号
#option domain-name定义域名称
#option routers定义网关地址
#broadcast-address定义广播地址
#default-lease-time默认租约时间
#max-lease-time 最大租约时间
subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.1.50 192.168.1.70;
option domain-name-servers 202.103.0.117,202.103.24.68,202.103.150.44;
option domain-name "apt-get.cn";
option routers 192.168.1.1;
option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255;
default-lease-time 864000;
max-lease-time 86400000;
filename "pxelinux.0";
}

# Hosts which require special configuration options can be listed in
# host statements. If no address is specified, the address will be
# allocated dynamically (if possible), but the host-specific information
# will still come from the host declaration.

#host passacaglia {
# hardware ethernet 0:0:c0:5d:bd:95;
# filename "vmunix.passacaglia";
# server-name "toccata.fugue.com";
#}

# Fixed IP addresses can also be specified for hosts. These addresses
# should not also be listed as being available for dynamic assignment.
# Hosts for which fixed IP addresses have been specified can boot using
# BOOTP or DHCP. Hosts for which no fixed address is specified can only
# be booted with DHCP, unless there is an address range on the subnet
# to which a BOOTP client is connected which has the dynamic-bootp flag
# set.
#host fantasia {
# hardware ethernet 08:00:07:26:c0:a5;
# fixed-address fantasia.fugue.com;
#}

# You can declare a class of clients and then do address allocation
# based on that. The example below shows a case where all clients
# in a certain class get addresses on the 10.17.224/24 subnet, and all
# other clients get addresses on the 10.0.29/24 subnet.

#class "foo" {
# match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 4) = "SUNW";
#}

#shared-network 224-29 {
# subnet 10.17.224.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
# option routers rtr-224.example.org;
# }
# subnet 10.0.29.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
# option routers rtr-29.example.org;
# }
# pool {
# allow members of "foo";
# range 10.17.224.10 10.17.224.250;
# }
# pool {
# deny members of "foo";
# range 10.0.29.10 10.0.29.230;
# }
#}



5 启动服务器

root@ubuntu:/# /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server start
* Starting DHCP server dhcpd3 [ OK ]
root@ubuntu:/#
如果原来启动了的就restart

6 查看服务是否已经正常监听

root@ubuntu:/# netstat -aunp|grep dhcp
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:67 0.0.0.0:* 23011/dhcpd3

已经在67号udp口上开始监听了



7 使用客户端看能否获取ip

第三步 安装配置nfs服务器
1 安装
root@ubuntu:/# apt-get install nfs-common nfs-kernel-server nfs-client
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
正在分析软件包的依赖关系树
Reading state information... 完成
nfs-common 已经是最新的版本了。
nfs-kernel-server 已经是最新的版本了。
注意，我选了 nfs-common 而非 nfs-client
nfs-common 已经是最新的版本了。
共升级了 0 个软件包，新安装了 0 个软件包，要卸载 0 个软件包，有 0 个软件未被升级。

2 配置
root@ubuntu:~# nano /etc/exports

# /etc/exports: the access control list for filesystems which may be exported
# to NFS clients. See exports(5).
#
# Example for NFSv2 and NFSv3:
# /srv/homes hostname1(rw,sync) hostname2(ro,sync)
#
# Example for NFSv4:
# /srv/nfs4 gss/krb5i(rw,sync,fsid=0,crossmnt)
# /srv/nfs4/homes gss/krb5i(rw,sync)
#暂时只为弄清楚安装方法，安全问题以后再慢慢说
/home/cache/netboot 192.168.1.0/24(rw,no_root_squash,sync)

3 启动nfs或者重新加载
启动nfs
root@ubuntu:/# /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server start
* Exporting directories for NFS kernel daemon...
exportfs: /etc/exports [1]: Neither 'subtree_check' or 'no_subtree_check' specified for export "192.168.1.0/24:/home/cache/netboot".
Assuming default behaviour ('no_subtree_check').
NOTE: this default has changed since nfs-utils version 1.0.x
...done.
* Starting NFS kernel daemon
...done.
如果是修改了/etc/exports 配置文件，不需要重新启动nfs服务器，只需要刷新一下，命令如下
root@ubuntu:/# exportfs -r
exportfs: /etc/exports [1]: Neither 'subtree_check' or 'no_subtree_check' specified for export "192.168.1.0/24:/home/cache/netboot".
Assuming default behaviour ('no_subtree_check').
NOTE: this default has changed since nfs-utils version 1.0.x

第四步 安装syslinux
1 安装syslinux，其实也就是为了要里面的pxelinux部分的文件
root@ubuntu:/# apt-get install syslinux
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
正在分析软件包的依赖关系树
Reading state information... 完成
syslinux 已经是最新的版本了。
共升级了 0 个软件包，新安装了 0 个软件包，要卸载 0 个软件包，有 0 个软件未被升级。

2 拷贝pxelinux.0文件到tftpboot目录
root@ubuntu:/# cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/
root@ubuntu:/#

3 在tftpboot目录建立pxelinux.cfg目录，然后在pxelinux.cfg目录下建立default文件
也可以是以某个ip地址为文件名称
root@ubuntu:/# nano /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default

DEFAULT ubuntu
LABEL ubuntu
kernel linux
append initrd=initrd.nfs root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=192.168.1.88:/home/cache/netboot/root ip=dhcp rw
PROMPT 1
TIMEOUT 3


第五步 安装一个新的将来用来在无盘机器上运行的linux，我这里安装的是一个ubuntu 7的服务器版本
1 安装ubuntu 服务器，你也可以安装你需要的linux版本
注意的是
1> 安装好nfs的client
root@netfs:~# apt-get install nfs-client
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Note, selecting nfs-common instead of nfs-client
nfs-common is already the newest version.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 14 not upgraded.

2> ip分配需要修改为手动，因为开机器的时候已经分配了ip
root@netfs:~# nano /etc/network/interfaces

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).

# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet manual

3> 编辑fstab文件，把除了proc外的所有都注释掉，udev会自动完成这个工作

4> 编辑udev的rules中关于网络借口记录的文件，去掉已经定义了的网络接口，否则无盘启动了有个报错
root@netfs:~# :>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules


2 安装initramfs-tools
root@netfs:~# apt-get install initramfs-tools
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
initramfs-tools is already the newest version.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 14 not upgraded.
root@netfs:~#

3 编辑initramfs.conf把BOOT=local改为BOOT=nfs
#
# initramfs.conf
# Configuration file for mkinitramfs(. See initramfs.conf(5).
#

#
# MODULES: [ most | netboot | dep | list ]
#
# most - Add all framebuffer, acpi, filesystem, and harddrive drivers.
#
# dep - Try and guess which modules to load.
#
# netboot - Add the base modules, network modules, but skip block devices.
#
# list - Only include modules from the 'additional modules' list
#

MODULES=most

# BUSYBOX: [ y | n ]
#
# Use busybox if available.
#

BUSYBOX=y

#
# NFS Section of the config.
#

#
# BOOT: [ local | nfs ]
#
# local - Boot off of local media (harddrive, USB stick).
#
# nfs - Boot using an NFS drive as the root of the drive.
#

BOOT=nfs

#
# DEVICE: ...
#
# Specify the network interface, like eth0
#

DEVICE=eth0

#
# NFSROOT: [ auto | HOST:MOUNT ]
#

NFSROOT=auto


4 创建支持nfs的initrd.img文件
首先我们把nfs挂上来，创建的文件直接丢到nfs服务器上去
root@netfs:/# mkdir /netfs
root@netfs:/# mount -t nfs 192.168.1.88:/home/cache/netboot /netfs
建立两目录
root@netfs:/# cd /netfs/;mkdir root tftpboot
创建支持nfs启动的initrd.img文件
root@netfs:/# mkinitramfs -o /netfs/tftpboot/initrd.nfs
拷贝内核到tftpboot目录
root@netfs:/# cp /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.22-14-server /netfs/tftpboot/linux

5 打包ubuntu服务器版本的/为tgz文件并且放到nfs上保存，您可以不需要这样，我这样做的目的是创建了一个拷贝，如果出问题了，可以在nfs服务器上快速的恢复无盘客户机的系统，先apt-get update一下，然后apt-get clean
一下，打包的时候请排除掉proc等目录
root@netfs:/etc# apt-get clean
root@netfs:/etc# apt-get autoclean
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
#用下面的命令打包
root@netfs:/# tar zcvfp /netfs/root/netfs.tgz / --exclude=/sys/* --exclude=/netfs --exclude=mnt/* /
--exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/var/cache/* --exclude=/var/tmp/* --exclude=/proc/*

OK，打包完成了以后，关掉这个机器，到nfs服务器上那个机器去

第六步
1> 在nfs服务器上拷贝内核和initrd.img到到/var/lib/tfptboot/
root@ubuntu:~# cp /home/cache/netboot/tftpboot/* /var/lib/tftpboot/

2> 把刚才压缩的netfs.tgz文件移动到我们准备长期保存的地方，然后把他解压缩一份到
/home/cache/netboot/root/
root@ubuntu:/home/cache/netboot/root# ls -lh netfs.tgz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 96M 2007-12-22 06:03 netfs.tgz

root@ubuntu:/home/cache/netboot/root# cp netfs.tgz /home/cache/
root@ubuntu:/home/cache/netboot/root#

root@ubuntu:/home/cache/netboot/root# tar zxvf netfs.tgz && rm -fr netfs.tgz
root@ubuntu:/home/cache/netboot/root# ls
bin dev home initrd.img media opt root srv tmp var
cdrom etc initrd lib mnt proc sbin sys usr vmlinuz
删除mtab文件
root@ubuntu:/# cd /home/cache/netboot/root/etc/
root@ubuntu:/home/cache/netboot/root/etc# rm mtab
root@ubuntu:/home/cache/netboot/root/etc#

第七步 设置一个虚拟机从网卡启动，或者找一个真实的客户机设置从网卡启动
当然你的机器一定要支持网络启动，并且网卡的驱动已经在内核里面了，如果没在，请重新编译内核，找到对应的网卡驱动，然后敲空格选择星号表示把驱动编译到内核里面。

 

转自：http://hi.baidu.com/slong42/blog/item/13a2925813471bda9d82045b.html