几种序列化协议(protobuf,xstream,jackjson,jdk,hessian)相关数据对比

近研究了下google protobuf协议，顺便对比了一下json,xml,java序列化相关的数据对比，从几个纬度进行对比。

 

别人的相关测试数据： http://code.google.com/p/thrift-protobuf-compare/wiki/Benchmarking

 

测试纬度

• 序列化时间
• 反序列化时间
• bytes大小

测试代码

准备protobuf文件

 

import "InnerMessage.proto";
package demo;
option java_package = "com.agapple.protobuf.data";
option java_outer_classname = "MessageProtos";
option optimize_for = SPEED ;  //CODE_SIZE,LITE_RUNTIME
option java_generic_services = false;
message Message {

    required string strObj = 1 [default="hello"];
    optional int32 int32Obj = 2;
    optional int64 int64Obj = 3;
    optional uint32 uint32Obj = 4;
    optional uint64 uint64Obj = 5;
    optional sint32 sint32Obj = 6;
    optional sint64 sint64Obj = 7;
    optional fixed32 fixed32Obj = 8;
    optional fixed64 fixed64Obj = 9;
    optional sfixed32 sfixed32Obj = 10;
    optional sfixed64 sfixed64Obj = 11;
    optional bool   boolObj = 12;
    optional bytes  bytesObj = 13;
    optional float folatObj = 14 [deprecated=true];
    repeated double doubleObj = 15 [packed=true]; //
    optional InnerMessage innerMessage = 16;
}

 

 

import "EnumType.proto";

package demo;
option java_package = "com.agapple.protobuf.data";
option java_outer_classname = "InnerMessageProtos";

message InnerMessage {
    optional string name = 1 [default = "name"];
    optional int32 id = 2;
    optional EnumType type = 3 [default = UNIVERSAL];
}

 

 

package demo;
option java_package = "com.agapple.protobuf.data";
option java_outer_classname = "EnumTypeProtos";

enum EnumType {
    UNIVERSAL = 0;
    WEB = 1;
    IMAGES = 2;
    LOCAL = 3;
    NEWS = 4;
    PRODUCTS = 5;
    VIDEO = 6;
}

 

 

基本上把protobuf支持的类型都囊括了，包括嵌套类型，枚举类型，以及各种int,uint,bool,bytes。  

 

依赖关系是Message.proto依赖了InnerMessage对象，而InnerMessage对象里包含了一个自定义枚举类型EnumType。

 

关于类型的使用可参见： 
      http://code.google.com/intl/zh/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/reference/java-generated.html
      http://code.google.com/intl/zh/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/proto.html

 

 

 

生成protobuf javabean

 

 

cd /home/ljh/work/code/src/main/java

/home/ljh/work/protobuf/bin/protoc --proto_path=com/agapple/protobuf/ --java_out=. com/agapple/protobuf/EnumType.proto
/home/ljh/work/protobuf/bin/protoc --proto_path=com/agapple/protobuf/ --java_out=. com/agapple/protobuf/InnerMessage.proto
/home/ljh/work/protobuf/bin/protoc --proto_path=com/agapple/protobuf/ --java_out=. com/agapple/protobuf/Message.proto

 

 通过protobuf自带的protoc进行编译，指定了protobuf文件的路径， 具体的文档： http://code.google.com/intl/zh/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/proto.html#generating

 

 

运行脚本后就会生成对应的3个javabean文件: MessageProtos , InnerMessageProtos , EnumTypeProtos。

 

最后构造测试的protobuf bean代码

 

private static MessageProtos.Message getProtobufBean() {
        com.agapple.protobuf.data.MessageProtos.Message.Builder messageBuilder = MessageProtos.Message.newBuilder();

        messageBuilder.setStrObj("message");
        messageBuilder.setFolatObj(1f);
        messageBuilder.addDoubleObj(1d);
        messageBuilder.addDoubleObj(2d);
        messageBuilder.setBoolObj(true);

        messageBuilder.setBytesObj(ByteString.copyFrom(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 }));
        messageBuilder.setInt32Obj(32);
        messageBuilder.setInt64Obj(64l);
        messageBuilder.setSint32Obj(232);
        messageBuilder.setSint64Obj(264);
        messageBuilder.setFixed32Obj(532);
        messageBuilder.setFixed64Obj(564);
        messageBuilder.setSfixed32Obj(2532);
        messageBuilder.setSfixed64Obj(2564);
        messageBuilder.setUint32Obj(632);
        messageBuilder.setUint64Obj(664);

        com.agapple.protobuf.data.InnerMessageProtos.InnerMessage.Builder innerMessageBuilder = InnerMessageProtos.InnerMessage.newBuilder();
        innerMessageBuilder.setId(1);
        innerMessageBuilder.setName("inner");
        innerMessageBuilder.setType(EnumType.PRODUCTS);

        messageBuilder.setInnerMessage(innerMessageBuilder);

        return messageBuilder.build();
    }

 

 

 

准备纯Pojo Bean 

同样的，为了和json , xml以及java序列化有个很好的对比，新建了3个纯的pojo bean:  MessagePojo , InnerMessagePojo , EnumTypePojo。

属性和proto的bean保持一致。

 

构建bean对象

 

private static MessagePojo getPojoBean() {
        MessagePojo bean = new MessagePojo();

        bean.setStrObj("message");
        bean.setFolatObj(1f);
        List<Double> doubleObj = new ArrayList<Double>();
        doubleObj.add(1d);
        doubleObj.add(2d);
        bean.setDoubleObj(doubleObj);
        bean.setBoolObj(true);

        bean.setBytesObj(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 });
        bean.setInt32Obj(32);
        bean.setInt64Obj(64l);
        bean.setSint32Obj(232);
        bean.setSint64Obj(264);
        bean.setFixed32Obj(532);
        bean.setFixed64Obj(564);
        bean.setSfixed32Obj(2532);
        bean.setSfixed64Obj(2564);
        bean.setUint32Obj(632);
        bean.setUint64Obj(664);

        InnerMessagePojo innerMessagePojo = new InnerMessagePojo();
        innerMessagePojo.setId(1);
        innerMessagePojo.setName("inner");
        innerMessagePojo.setType(EnumTypePojo.PRODUCTS);

        bean.setInnerMessage(innerMessagePojo);

        return bean;
    }

 

 

 

具体的测试代码

定义测试Template接口

 

interface TestCallback {

    String getName();

    byte[] writeObject(Object source);

    Object readObject(byte[] bytes);
}

 

 

统一的测试模板

 

private static void testTemplate(TestCallback callback, Object source, int count) {
        int warmup = 10;
        // 先进行预热，加载一些类，避免影响测试
        for (int i = 0; i < warmup; i++) {
            byte[] bytes = callback.writeObject(source);
            callback.readObject(bytes);
        }
        restoreJvm(); // 进行GC回收
        // 进行测试
        long start = System.nanoTime();
        long size = 0l;
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            byte[] bytes = callback.writeObject(source);
            size = size + bytes.length;
            callback.readObject(bytes);
            // System.out.println(callback.readObject(bytes));
            bytes = null;
        }
        long nscost = (System.nanoTime() - start);
        System.out.println(callback.getName() + " total cost=" + integerFormat.format(nscost) + "ns , each cost="
                           + integerFormat.format(nscost / count) + "ns , and byte sizes = " + size / count);
        restoreJvm();// 进行GC回收

    }

 

 

  在测试模板方法中，使用了warmup预热的概念，就是预先执行目标方法一定的次数，用于避免因为jit的优化影响系统测试。 同时包含了每次测试模板调用完成后system.gc保证下一轮的功能测试

 

  相应的restoreJvm方法： 

private static void restoreJvm() {
        int maxRestoreJvmLoops = 10;
        long memUsedPrev = memoryUsed();
        for (int i = 0; i < maxRestoreJvmLoops; i++) {
            System.runFinalization();
            System.gc();

            long memUsedNow = memoryUsed();
            // break early if have no more finalization and get constant mem used
            if ((ManagementFactory.getMemoryMXBean().getObjectPendingFinalizationCount() == 0)
                && (memUsedNow >= memUsedPrev)) {
                break;
            } else {
                memUsedPrev = memUsedNow;
            }
        }
    }

    private static long memoryUsed() {
        Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
        return rt.totalMemory() - rt.freeMemory();
    }

 

最后相应的测试例子：

 

final int testCount = 1000 * 500;
final MessageProtos.Message protoObj = getProtobufBean();
final MessagePojo pojoOBj = getPojoBean();

// Serializable测试
testTemplate(new TestCallback() {

    public String getName() {
        return "Serializable Test";
    }

    @Override
    public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
        try {
            ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            ObjectOutputStream output = new ObjectOutputStream(bout);
            output.writeObject(source);
            return bout.toByteArray();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
        try {
            ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
            ObjectInputStream input = new ObjectInputStream(bin);
            return input.readObject();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }
}, pojoOBj, testCount);

// protobuf测试
testTemplate(new TestCallback() {

    public String getName() {
        return "protobuf test";
    }

    @Override
    public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
        if (source instanceof MessageProtos.Message) {
            MessageProtos.Message message = (MessageProtos.Message) source;
            return message.toByteArray();
        }

        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
        try {
            return MessageProtos.Message.parseFrom(bytes);
        } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }
}, protoObj, testCount);

// json测试
final ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
final JavaType javaType = TypeFactory.type(pojoOBj.getClass());

// JSON configuration not to serialize null field
objectMapper.getSerializationConfig().setSerializationInclusion(JsonSerialize.Inclusion.NON_NULL);

// JSON configuration not to throw exception on empty bean class
objectMapper.getSerializationConfig().disable(SerializationConfig.Feature.FAIL_ON_EMPTY_BEANS);

// JSON configuration for compatibility
objectMapper.configure(Feature.ALLOW_UNQUOTED_FIELD_NAMES, true);
objectMapper.configure(Feature.ALLOW_UNQUOTED_CONTROL_CHARS, true);

testTemplate(new TestCallback() {

    public String getName() {
        return "Jackson Test";
    }

    @Override
    public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
        try {
            return objectMapper.writeValueAsBytes(source);
        } catch (JsonGenerationException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (JsonMappingException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
        try {
            return objectMapper.readValue(bytes, 0, bytes.length, javaType);
        } catch (JsonParseException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (JsonMappingException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }
}, pojoOBj, testCount);

// Xstream测试
final XStream xstream = new XStream();
testTemplate(new TestCallback() {

    public String getName() {
        return "Xstream test";
    }

    @Override
    public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
        return xstream.toXML(source).getBytes();
    }

    @Override
    public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
        return xstream.fromXML(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
    }
}, pojoOBj, testCount);

 

 

2011年3月10号补充 =========================================================

增加了hessian 3.1.5版本基于二进制序列化的测试

 

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.caucho</groupId>
    <artifactId>hessian</artifactId>
    <version>3.1.5</version>
</dependency>

 

 

测试了3种情况：

 

1. hessian 2协议
2. hessian 2协议 + deflat压缩
3. hessian 1协议

 

 

测试代码：

 

// hessian 2 with no deflat
        testTemplate(new TestCallback() {

            public String getName() {
                return "hessian 2 with no deflat";
            }

            @Override
            public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
                try {
                    ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                    Hessian2Output out = new Hessian2Output(bos);
                    // out.startMessage();
                    out.writeObject(source);
                    // out.completeMessage();
                    out.flush();
                    return bos.toByteArray();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return null;
            }

            @Override
            public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
                try {
                    ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
                    Hessian2Input in = new Hessian2Input(bin);
                    // in.startMessage();
                    Object obj = in.readObject();
                    // in.completeMessage();
                    return obj;
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return null;
            }
        }, pojoOBj, testCount);

        // hessian 2 with deflat
        final Deflation envelope = new Deflation();
        testTemplate(new TestCallback() {

            public String getName() {
                return "hessian 2 with deflat";
            }

            @Override
            public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
                try {
                    ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                    Hessian2Output out = new Hessian2Output(bos);
                    out = envelope.wrap(out);
                    out.writeObject(source);
                    out.flush();
                    out.close(); // 记得关闭
                    return bos.toByteArray();
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return null;
            }

            @Override
            public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
                try {
                    ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
                    Hessian2Input in = new Hessian2Input(bin);
                    in = envelope.unwrap(in);
                    Object obj = in.readObject();
                    in.close();
                    return obj;
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return null;
            }
        }, pojoOBj, testCount);

        // hessian 1 with no deflat
        testTemplate(new TestCallback() {

            public String getName() {
                return "hessian 1 with no deflat";
            }

            @Override
            public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
                try {
                    ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                    HessianOutput out = new HessianOutput(bos);
                    out.writeObject(source);
                    out.flush();
                    return bos.toByteArray();
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return null;
            }

            @Override
            public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
                try {
                    ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
                    HessianInput in = new HessianInput(bin);
                    Object obj = in.readObject();
                    in.close();
                    return obj;
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return null;
            }
        }, pojoOBj, testCount);

 

 

测试结果

序列化数据对比

 

bytes字节数对比

具体的数字: 

	protobuf	jackson	xstream	Serializable	hessian2	hessian2压缩	hessian1
序列化(单位ns)	1154	5421	92406	10189	26794	100766	29027
反序列化(单位ns)	1334	8743	117329	64027	37871	188432	37596
bytes	97	311	664	824	374	283	495

 

1. protobuf 不管是处理时间上，还是空间占用上都优于现有的其他序列化方式。内存暂用是java 序列化的1/9，时间也是差了一个数量级，一次操作在1us左右。缺点：就是对象结构体有限制，只适合于内部系统使用。
2. json格式在空间占用还是有一些优势，是java序列化的1/2.6。序列化和反序列化处理时间上差不多，也就在5us。当然这次使用的jackson，如果使用普通的jsonlib可能没有这样好的性能，jsonlib估计跟java序列化差不多。
3. xml相比于java序列化来说，空间占用上有点优势，但不明显。处理时间上比java序列化多了一个数量级，在100us左右。
4. 以前一种的java序列化，表现得有些失望
5. hessian测试有点意外，具体序列化数据上还步入json。性能上也不如jackjson，输得比较彻底。
6. hessian使用压缩，虽然在字节上有20%以上的空间提升，但性能上差了4,5倍，典型的以时间换空间。总的来说还是google protobuf比较给力

 

总结　

以后在内部系统，数据cache存储上可以考虑使用protobuf。跟外部系统交互上可以考虑使用json。

 

有兴趣的同学，可以研究一下google protobuf的marshall的方式: http://code.google.com/intl/zh/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/encoding.html