Oracle中password file的作用及说明

导读:

  在数据库没有启动之前,数据库内建用户是无法通过数据库来验证身份的

  口令文件中存放sysdba/sysoper用户的用户名及口令

  允许用户通过口令文件验证,在数据库未启动之前登陆

  从而启动数据库

  如果没有口令文件,在数据库未启动之前就只能通过操作系统认证.

  使用Rman,很多时候需要在nomount,mount等状态对数据库进行处理

  所以通常要求sysdba权限如果属于本地DBA组,可以通过操作系统认证登陆

  如果是远程sysdba登陆,需要通过passwordfile认证.

  1.remote_login_passwordfile = NONE

  此时停用口令文件验证,Oracle数据库不允许远程SYSDBA/SYSOPER身份登录

  无法通过远程进行数据库起停等操作管理

  local:

  

  [oracle@jumper oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"

SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Thu Apr 15 09:58:45 2004

Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

Connected to:

Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options

JServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production

SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;

User altered.

SQL> show parameter pass

NAME TYPE VALUE

--------------------- ----------- ------------------------------

remote_login_passwordfile string NONE





  remote:

  

  E:/Oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nolog

  SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 -

Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:39:22 2004

  Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle

Corporation. All rights reserved.

  SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as

sysdba

  ERROR:

  ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied

  此处实际上是无法通过口令文件验证

  2.remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive

  

  

  

  SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;

System altered.

SQL> startup force;

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes

Fixed Size 451576 bytes

Variable Size 104857600 bytes

Database Buffers 25165824 bytes

Redo Buffers 667648 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

SQL> show parameter pass

NAME TYPE VALUE

------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

remote_login_passwordfile string EXCLUSIVE

SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;

User altered.



  remote:

  

  

  E:/Oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nolog

  SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 -

Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:47:11 2004

  Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle

Corporation. All rights reserved.

  SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as

sysdba

  已连接。

  SQL> show user

  USER 为"SYS"

  SQL>

  

  这实际上就是通过口令文件验证登录的

  3.进一步测试

  如果此时我们删除passwdfile,sysdba/sysoper将无法认证,也就无法登陆数据库

  Server:

  

  SQL> !

  [oracle@jumper oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs

  [oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls orapwhsjf

  orapwhsjf

  [oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak

  [oracle@jumper dbs]$

  Remote:

  

  E:/Oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nolog

  SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:50:14 2004

  Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

  SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba

  ERROR:

  ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

  SQL>

  这实际上就是无法通过口令文件验证身份

  

  4.如果丢失了passwdfile

  如果使用passwdfile却意外丢失,此时将不能启动数据库

  

  SQL> startup force;

  ORACLE instance started.

  Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes

  Fixed Size 451576 bytes

  Variable Size 104857600 bytes

  Database Buffers 25165824 bytes

  Redo Buffers 667648 bytes

  ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'

  ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status

  Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory

  Additional information: 3

  此时可以通过orapwd重建口令文件来解决

  此处我们恢复口令文件既可

  

  SQL> !

  [oracle@jumper oracle]$ mv $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwhsjf.bak orapwhsjf

  [oracle@jumper oracle]$ exit

  exit

  SQL> alter database open;

  Database altered.

  SQL>

  大致就是如此.

  

  5. remote_login_passwordfile = shared

  我们看一下Oracle9i文档中的说明:

  SHARED

  More than one database can use a password file. However, the only user recognized by the password file is SYS.

  意思是说多个数据库可以共享一个口令文件,但是只可以识别一个用户:SYS

  

  SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;

  USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP

  ------------------------------ ----- -----

  SYS TRUE TRUE

  SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;

  grant sysdba to eygle

  *

  ERROR at line 1:

  ORA-01994: GRANT failed: cannot add users to public password file

  SQL> show parameter password

  NAME TYPE VALUE

  ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

  remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED

  我们看到,此时的口令文件中是不能添加用户的.

  很多人的疑问在于:口令文件的缺省名称是orapw ,怎么能够共享?

  实际上是这样的: Oracle数据库在启动时,首先查找的是orapw 的口令文件,如果该文件不存在,则开始查找,orapw的口令文件

  如果口令文件命名为orapw,多个数据库就可以共享.

  我们看一下测试:

  

  [oracle@jumper dbs]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"

SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Jul 6 09:40:34 2004

Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

Connected to:

Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options

JServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production

SQL> shutdown immediate

Database closed.

Database dismounted.

ORACLE instance shut down.

SQL> !

[oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls

hsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf spfilehsjf.ora

[oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak

[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exit

exit

SQL> startup

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes

Fixed Size 451236 bytes

Variable Size 201326592 bytes

Database Buffers 33554432 bytes

Redo Buffers 667648 bytes

ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'--这是最后查找的文件

ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status

Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory

Additional information: 3



  我们建立orapw口令文件,这时候可以打开数据库.

  SQL> !

[oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls

hsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf.bak spfilehsjf.ora

[oracle@jumper dbs]$ cp orapwhsjf.bak orapw

[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exit

exit

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

SQL> show parameter passw

NAME TYPE VALUE

------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED

SQL>

  

  那么你可能会有这样的疑问,多个Exclusive的数据库是否可以共享一个口令文件(orapw)呢?

  我们继续这个实验:

  SQL> show parameter password

  NAME TYPE VALUE

  ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

  remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED

  [oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw

  ]/[Z

  ORACLE Remote Password file

  INTERNAL

  AB27B53EDC5FEF41

  8A8F025737A9097A

  注意这里仅记录着INTERNAL/SYS的口令

  REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE 时

  SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;

  System altered.

  SQL> startup force;

  ORACLE instance started.

  Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes

  Fixed Size 451236 bytes

  Variable Size 201326592 bytes

  Database Buffers 33554432 bytes

  Redo Buffers 667648 bytes

  Database mounted.

  Database opened.

  SQL> !

  [oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs

  [oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw

  ]/[Z

  ORACLE Remote Password file

  HSJF

  INTERNAL

  AB27B53EDC5FEF41

  8A8F025737A9097A

  [oracle@jumper dbs]$ exit

  exit

  注意这里,以EXCLUSIVE 方式启动以后,实例名称信息被写入口令文件.

  此时如果有其他实例以Exclusive模式启动仍然可以使用这个口令文件,口令文件中的实例名称同时被改写.

  也就是说,数据库只在启动过程中才读取口令文件,数据库运行过程中并不锁定该文件,类似于pfile/spfile文件.

  SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;

  USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP

  ------------------------------ ----- -----

  SYS TRUE TRUE

  SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;

  Grant succeeded.

  SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;

  USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP

  ------------------------------ ----- -----

  SYS TRUE TRUE

  EYGLE TRUE FALSE

  SQL> !

  [oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs

  [oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw

  ]/[Z

  ORACLE Remote Password file

  HSJF

  INTERNAL

  AB27B53EDC5FEF41

  8A8F025737A9097A

  >EYGLE

  B726E09FE21F8E83

  注意此时可以增加SYSDBA用户,并且这些信息可以被写入到口令文件.

  一旦口令文件中增加了其他SYSDBA用户,此文件不再能够被其他Exclusive的实例共享.

  实际上,口令文件对于其他用户来说就是启到了一个 sudo 的作用.

  6.重建口令文件

  如果口令文件丢失,可以使用orapwd可以重建口令文件,语法如下:

  [oracle@jumper oracle]$ orapwd

  Usage: orapwd file= password= entries=

  where

  file - name of password file (mand),

  password - password for SYS (mand),

  entries - maximum number of distinct DBA and OPERs (opt),

  There are no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.



本文转自

http://www.eygle.com/faq/passwordfile.htm

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