In the past few days I have been test-driving Twitter’s Storm project, which is adistributed real-time data processing platform. One of my findings so far has been that the quality of Storm’sdocumentation and example code is pretty good – it is very easy to get up and running with Storm. Big props to theStorm developers! At the same time, I found the sections on how a Storm topology runs in a cluster not perfectlyclear, and learned that the recent releases of Storm changed some of its behavior in a way that is not yet fullyreflected in the Storm wiki and in the API docs.
In this article I want to share my own understanding of the parallelism of a Storm topology after reading thedocumentation and writing some first prototype code. More specifically, I describe the relationships of workerprocesses, executors (threads) and tasks, and how you can configure them according to your needs. This article isbased on Storm release 0.8.1, the latest version as of October 2012.
What is Storm?
For those readers unfamiliar with Storm here is a brief description taken from its homepage:
Storm is a free and open source distributed realtime computation system. Storm makes it easy to reliably process unbounded streams of data, doing for realtime processing what Hadoop did for batch processing. Storm is simple, can be used with any programming language, and is a lot of fun to use!
Storm has many use cases: realtime analytics, online machine learning, continuous computation, distributed RPC, ETL, and more. Storm is fast: a benchmark clocked it at over a million tuples processed per second per node. It is scalable, fault-tolerant, guarantees your data will be processed, and is easy to set up and operate.
What makes a running topology: worker processes, executors and tasks
Storm distinguishes between the following three main entities that are used to actually run a topology in a Stormcluster:
- Worker processes
- Executors (threads)
- Tasks
Here is a simple illustration of their relationships:
A worker process executes a subset of a topology, and runs in its own JVM. A worker process belongs to a specifictopology and may run one or more executors for one or more components (spouts or bolts) of this topology. A runningtopology consists of many such processes running on many machines within a Storm cluster.
An executor is a thread that is spawned by a worker process and runs within the worker’s JVM. An executor may run oneor more tasks for the same component (spout or bolt). An executor always has one thread that it uses for all of itstasks, which means that tasks run serially on an executor.
A task performs the actual data processing and is run within its parent executor’s thread of execution. Each spout orbolt that you implement in your code executes as many tasks across the cluster. The number of tasks for a component isalways the same throughout the lifetime of a topology, but the number of executors (threads) for a component can changeover time. This means that the following condition holds true: #threads <= #tasks. By default, the number of tasksis set to be the same as the number of executors, i.e. Storm will run one task per thread (which is usually what youwant anyways).
Also be aware that:
- The number of executor threads can be changed after the topology has been started (see
storm rebalancecommandbelow). - The number of tasks of a topology is static.
SeeUnderstanding the Internal Message Buffers of Stormfor another view on the various threads that are running within the lifetime of a worker process and itsassociated executors and tasks.
Configuring the parallelism of a topology
Note that in Storm’s terminology “parallelism” is specifically used to describe the so-called parallelism hint, whichmeans the initial number of executors (threads) of a component. In this article though I use the term “parallelism”in a more general sense to describe how you can configure not only the number of executors but also the number of workerprocesses and the number of tasks of a Storm topology. I will specifically call out when “parallelism” is used in thenarrow definition of Storm.
The following table gives an overview of the various configuration options and how to set them in your code. There ismore than one way of setting these options though, and the table lists only some of them. Storm currently has thefollowing order of precedence for configuration settings:defaults.yaml > storm.yaml > topology-specific configuration > internal component-specific configuration >external component-specific configuration. Please take a look at the Storm documentation for more details.
| What | Description | Configuration option | How to set in your code (examples) |
|---|---|---|---|
| #worker processes | How many worker processes to create for the topology across machines in the cluster. | TOPOLOGY_WORKERS | Config#setNumWorkers |
| #executors (threads) | How many executors to spawn per component. | ? | TopologyBuilder#setSpout() and TopologyBuilder#setBolt() Note that as of Storm 0.8 the parallelism_hint parameter now specifies the initial number of executors (not tasks!) for that bolt. |
| #tasks | How many tasks to create per component. | TOPOLOGY_TASKS | ComponentConfigurationDeclarer#setNumTasks() |
Here is an example code snippet to show these settings in practice:
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In the above code we configured Storm to run the bolt GreenBolt with an initial number of two executors and fourassociated tasks. Storm will run two tasks per executor (thread). If you do not explicitly configure the number oftasks, Storm will run by default one task per executor.
Configuring parallelism on multi-tenant Storm clusters
Storm 0.8.2 introduced the Isolation Schedulerthat makes it easy and safe to share a cluster among many topologies, i.e. it solves the multi-tenancy problem— avoiding resource contention between topologies — by providing full isolation between topologies.
When you use the isolation scheduler Nathan recommends you set num workers to a multiple of number of machines. And parallelism hint to a multiple of the number of workers. If you do call setNumTasks() (which most people don’t), you should set that to a multiple of the parallelism hint. If you do this, then what happens is your workload is uniform distributed. Each machine and jvm process will have the same number of threads, and roughly the same amount of work.
Jason Jackson on storm-user grokbase.com/t/gg/storm-user/…
Example of a running topology
The following illustration shows how a simple topology would look like in operation. The topology consists of threecomponents: one spout called BlueSpout and two bolts called GreenBolt and YellowBolt. The components arelinked such that BlueSpout sends its output to GreenBolt, which in turns sends its own output toYellowBolt.
The GreenBolt was configured as per the code snippet above whereas BlueSpout and YellowBolt only set the parallelism hint(number of executors). Here is the relevant code:
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And of course Storm comes with additional configuration settings to control the parallelism of a topology, including:
- TOPOLOGY_MAX_TASK_PARALLELISM:This setting puts a ceiling on the number of executors that can be spawned for a single component. It is typicallyused during testing to limit the number of threads spawned when running a topology in local mode. You can set thisoption via e.g. Config#setMaxTaskParallelism().
Update Oct 18: Nathan Marz informed me that TOPOLOGY_OPTIMIZE will be removed in a future release. I havetherefore removed its entry from the configuration list above.
How to change the parallelism of a running topology
A nifty feature of Storm is that you can increase or decrease the number of worker processes and/or executors withoutbeing required to restart the cluster or the topology. The act of doing so is called rebalancing.
You have two options to rebalance a topology:
- Use the Storm web UI to rebalance the topology.
- Use the CLI tool storm rebalance as described below.
Here is an example of using the CLI tool:
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References for this article
To compile this article (and to write my related test code) I used information primarily from the following sources:
- The Storm wiki, most notably the pagesConcepts,Running topologies on a production cluster,Local mode,Tutorial
- Storm 0.8.1 API documentation, most notably the classConfig
- The announcement of Storm 0.8.0 releaseon the storm-user mailing list.
Summary
My personal impression is that Storm is a very promising tool. On the one hand I like its clean and elegant design,and on the other hand I loved to find out that a young open source tool can still have an excellent documentation.In this article I tried to summarize my own understanding of the parallelism of topologies, which may or may not be100% correct – feel free to let me know if there are any mistakes in the description above!