ScheduledExecutorService :一个 ExecutorService,可安排在给定的延迟后运行或定期执行的命令。
接下来逐一介绍
这个线程池的功能还是比较完善的。可以提交任务submit()可以结束线程池shutdown()。
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; public class MyExecutor extends Thread { private int index; public MyExecutor(int i){ this.index=i; } public void run(){ try{ System.out.println("["+this.index+"] start...."); Thread.sleep((int)(Math.random()*1000)); System.out.println("["+this.index+"] end."); } catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } } public static void main(String args[]){ ExecutorService service=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4); for(int i=0;i<10;i++){ service.execute(new MyExecutor(i)); //service.submit(new MyExecutor(i)); } System.out.println("submit finish"); service.shutdown(); } }
如果要避免这个问题,就必须直接使用ThreadPoolExecutor()来构造。可以像通用的线程池一样设置“最大线程数”、“最小线程数”和“空闲线程keepAlive的时间”。
这个就是线程池基本用法。
这里是一个实际的情况,大家排队上厕所,厕所只有两个位置,来了10个人需要排队。
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
public class MySemaphore extends Thread {
Semaphore position;
private int id;
public MySemaphore(int i,Semaphore s){
this.id=i;
this.position=s;
}
public void run(){
try{
if(position.availablePermits()>0){
System.out.println("顾客["+this.id+"]进入厕所,有空位");
}
else{
System.out.println("顾客["+this.id+"]进入厕所,没空位,排队");
}
position.acquire();
System.out.println("顾客["+this.id+"]获得坑位");
Thread.sleep((int)(Math.random()*1000));
System.out.println("顾客["+this.id+"]使用完毕");
position.release();
}
catch(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String args[]){
ExecutorService list=Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
Semaphore position=new Semaphore(2);
for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
list.submit(new MySemaphore(i+1,position));
}
list.shutdown();
position.acquireUninterruptibly(2);
System.out.println("使用完毕,需要清扫了");
position.release(2);
}
}
ReentrantLock
一个可重入的互斥锁定 Lock,它具有与使用 synchronized 方法和语句所访问的隐式监视器锁定相同的一些基本行为和语义,但功能更强大。建议总是 立即实践,使用 try 块来调用 lock,在之前/之后的构造中,最典型的代码如下:
class X { private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock(); // ... public void m() { lock.lock(); // block until condition holds try { // ... method body } finally { lock.unlock() } } }
我的例子:
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; public class MyReentrantLock extends Thread{ TestReentrantLock lock; private int id; public MyReentrantLock(int i,TestReentrantLock test){ this.id=i; this.lock=test; } public void run(){ lock.print(id); } public static void main(String args[]){ ExecutorService service=Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); TestReentrantLock lock=new TestReentrantLock(); for(int i=0;i<10;i++){ service.submit(new MyReentrantLock(i,lock)); } service.shutdown(); } } class TestReentrantLock{ private ReentrantLock lock=new ReentrantLock(); public void print(int str){ try{ lock.lock(); System.out.println(str+"获得"); Thread.sleep((int)(Math.random()*1000)); } catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } finally{ System.out.println(str+"释放"); lock.unlock(); } } }
BlockingQueue
支持两个附加操作的 Queue,这两个操作是:检索元素时等待队列变为非空,以及存储元素时等待空间变得可用。下面的例子演示了这个阻塞队列的基本功能。
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue; public class MyBlockingQueue extends Thread { public static BlockingQueue<String> queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(3); private int index; public MyBlockingQueue(int i) { this.index = i; } public void run() { try { queue.put(String.valueOf(this.index)); System.out.println("{" + this.index + "} in queue!"); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } public static void main(String args[]) { ExecutorService service = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { service.submit(new MyBlockingQueue(i)); } Thread thread = new Thread() { public void run() { try { while (true) { Thread.sleep((int) (Math.random() * 1000)); if(MyBlockingQueue.queue.isEmpty()) break; String str = MyBlockingQueue.queue.take(); System.out.println(str + " has take!"); } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }; service.submit(thread); service.shutdown(); } }
import java.util.concurrent.Callable; import java.util.concurrent.CompletionService; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorCompletionService; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; public class MyCompletionService implements Callable<String> { private int id; public MyCompletionService(int i){ this.id=i; } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ ExecutorService service=Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); CompletionService<String> completion=new ExecutorCompletionService<String>(service); for(int i=0;i<10;i++){ completion.submit(new MyCompletionService(i)); } for(int i=0;i<10;i++){ System.out.println(completion.take().get()); } service.shutdown(); } public String call() throws Exception { Integer time=(int)(Math.random()*1000); try{ System.out.println(this.id+" start"); Thread.sleep(time); System.out.println(this.id+" end"); } catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } return this.id+":"+time; } }
一下的例子是别人写的,非常形象。
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; public class TestCountDownLatch { public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { // 开始的倒数锁 final CountDownLatch begin = new CountDownLatch(1); // 结束的倒数锁 final CountDownLatch end = new CountDownLatch(10); // 十名选手 final ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10); for (int index = 0; index < 10; index++) { final int NO = index + 1; Runnable run = new Runnable() { public void run() { try { begin.await();//一直阻塞 Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 10000)); System.out.println("No." + NO + " arrived"); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } finally { end.countDown(); } } }; exec.submit(run); } System.out.println("Game Start"); begin.countDown(); end.await(); System.out.println("Game Over"); exec.shutdown(); } }
CountDownLatch最重要的方法是countDown()和await(),前者主要是倒数一次,后者是等待倒数到0,如果没有到达0,就只有阻塞等待了。
示例用法:下面是一个在并行分解设计中使用 barrier 的例子,很经典的旅行团例子:
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.Date; import java.util.concurrent.BrokenBarrierException; import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; public class TestCyclicBarrier { // 徒步需要的时间: Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shaoguan, Changsha, Wuhan private static int[] timeWalk = { 5, 8, 15, 15, 10 }; // 自驾游 private static int[] timeSelf = { 1, 3, 4, 4, 5 }; // 旅游大巴 private static int[] timeBus = { 2, 4, 6, 6, 7 }; static String now() { SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss"); return sdf.format(new Date()) + ": "; } static class Tour implements Runnable { private int[] times; private CyclicBarrier barrier; private String tourName; public Tour(CyclicBarrier barrier, String tourName, int[] times) { this.times = times; this.tourName = tourName; this.barrier = barrier; } public void run() { try { Thread.sleep(times[0] * 1000); System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Shenzhen"); barrier.await(); Thread.sleep(times[1] * 1000); System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Guangzhou"); barrier.await(); Thread.sleep(times[2] * 1000); System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Shaoguan"); barrier.await(); Thread.sleep(times[3] * 1000); System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Changsha"); barrier.await(); Thread.sleep(times[4] * 1000); System.out.println(now() + tourName + " Reached Wuhan"); barrier.await(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } catch (BrokenBarrierException e) { } } } public static void main(String[] args) { // 三个旅行团 CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(3); ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3); exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, "WalkTour", timeWalk)); exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, "SelfTour", timeSelf)); //当我们把下面的这段代码注释后,会发现,程序阻塞了,无法继续运行下去。 exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, "BusTour", timeBus)); exec.shutdown(); } }
CyclicBarrier最重要的属性就是参与者个数,另外最要方法是await()。当所有线程都调用了await()后,就表示这些线程都可以继续执行,否则就会等待。
Future
Future 表示异步计算的结果。它提供了检查计算是否完成的方法,以等待计算的完成,并检索计算的结果。一下的例子也是网上比较流行的。
import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS; import java.util.Date; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture; public class TestScheduledThread { public static void main(String[] args) { final ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2); final Runnable beeper = new Runnable() { int count = 0; public void run() { System.out.println(new Date() + " beep " + (++count)); } }; // 1秒钟后运行,并每隔2秒运行一次 final ScheduledFuture beeperHandle = scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(beeper, 1, 2, SECONDS); // 2秒钟后运行,并每次在上次任务运行完后等待5秒后重新运行 final ScheduledFuture beeperHandle2 = scheduler.scheduleWithFixedDelay(beeper, 2, 5, SECONDS); // 30秒后结束关闭任务,并且关闭Scheduler scheduler.schedule(new Runnable() { public void run() { beeperHandle.cancel(true); beeperHandle2.cancel(true); scheduler.shutdown(); } }, 30, SECONDS); } }
这样我们就把concurrent包下比较重要的功能都已经总结完了,希望对我们理解能有帮助。