oracle sqlplus命令详解（官方示例）
以为内容选自Oracle官方文档，只讲command-line：
规范：<变量名> , {举例} , a | b 枚举可选值，（XX）描述
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1、glogin.sql常用脚本（配置sqlplus command line）：
-- To change the SQL*Plus prompt to display the current user,
-- connection identifier and current time.
-- First set the database date format to show the time.
ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS';
-- SET the SQLPROMPT to include the _USER, _CONNECT_IDENTIFIER
-- and _DATE variables.
SET SQLPROMPT "_USER'@'_CONNECT_IDENTIFIER> "
-- To set the number of lines to display in a report page to 24.
SET PAGESIZE 24
-- To set the number of characters to display on each report line to 78.
SET LINESIZE 78
-- To set the number format used in a report to $99,999.
--SET NUMFORMAT $99,999
--SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
2、常用命令：
--sqlplus xxx@xxx 登陆sqlplus
--exit 退出
--CTRL+C 强制中断会话
--help index 调出sqlplus帮助索引界面
{
}
--? | help <commandname> 查看指定命令说明
--@ <scriptname> 运行指定脚本
--@@ <scriptname> 同@，运行nest script时使用
--/ 执行最近脚本
--accept 接受用户输入行存储到替代变量中
{
ACCEPT pswd CHAR PROMPT 'Password: ' HIDE
}
--append 向当前SQL行追加文本
{
HR@orcl> list 1 select employee_id, last_name from employees 2* HR@orcl> append where salary > 12000 2* where salary > 12000 HR@orcl> list 1 select employee_id, last_name from employees 2* where salary > 12000
}
--achive log 查看和管理归档信息
--attribute 设置object类型column属性
{
ATTRIBUTE EMPLOYEE_TYPE.LAST_NAME FORMAT A20
}
--break 分开重复列
{
HR@orcl> BREAK ON DEPARTMENT_ID;
HR@orcl> SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, LAST_NAME, SALARY
2 FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW
3 WHERE SALARY > 12000
4 ORDER BY DEPARTMENT_ID;
DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME SALARY
------------- ------------------------- ----------
20 Hartstein 13000
80 Russell 14000
Partners 13500
90 King 24000
Kochhar 17000
De Haan 17000
100 Greenberg 12008
110 Higgins 12008
HR@orcl> CLEAR BREAKS
breaks 已清除
}
--COLUMN 命令集 改变列格式
{
COLUMN SALARY FORMAT $99,999 --设置数字显示格式
COLUMN LAST_NAME FORMAT A10 --设置LAST_NAME列每行显示10个字符
COLUMN COMMISSION_PCT LIKE SALARY HEADING BONUS --LIKE通知SQLPLUS COPY之前定义好的列SALARY属性
COLUMN column_name CLEAR --清楚已设置列属性
CLEAR COLUMNS --重设所有列属性
--compute 运算查询结果集
{
COLUMN DUMMY NOPRINT; COMPUTE SUM OF SALARY ON DUMMY; BREAK ON DUMMY SKIP 1; SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID DUMMY,DEPARTMENT_ID, LAST_NAME, SALARY FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW WHERE SALARY>12000 ORDER BY DEPARTMENT_ID;
COLUMN DUMMY NOPRINT; COMPUTE SUM OF SALARY ON DUMMY; BREAK ON DUMMY; SELECT NULL DUMMY,DEPARTMENT_ID, LAST_NAME, SALARY FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW WHERE SALARY>12000 ORDER BY DEPARTMENT_ID;
CLEAR COMPUTES
--change err/correct 修改错误代码
{
SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, JO_ID, SALARY
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-00904: "JO_ID": 标识符无效
HR@orcl> list 1
1* SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, JO_ID, SALARY
HR@orcl> change /jo_id/job_id
1* SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, job_id, SALARY
HR@orcl> l
1 SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, job_id, SALARY
2 FROM EMPLOYEES
3* WHERE SALARY>12000
}
--connect | conn 会话中切换连接命令，如conn hr/hr@orcl
--disconnect 断开连接
--clear buffer 清空sql buffer
--clear screen 清空screen
--copy
--define <name> 定义变量（ variables）
{
HR@orcl> define l_name = "SMITH" HR@orcl> define --列出所有替代变量 DEFINE _DATE = "2014-02-13 03:47:00" (CHAR) DEFINE _CONNECT_IDENTIFIER = "orcl" (CHAR) DEFINE _USER = "HR" (CHAR) DEFINE _PRIVILEGE = "" (CHAR) DEFINE _SQLPLUS_RELEASE = "1102000100" (CHAR) DEFINE _EDITOR = "Notepad" (CHAR) DEFINE _O_VERSION = "Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0. 1.0 - 64bit Production With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options" ( CHAR) DEFINE _O_RELEASE = "1102000100" (CHAR) DEFINE _RC = "0" (CHAR) DEFINE L_NAME = "SMITH" (CHAR) HR@orcl> undefine l_name
}
--undefine 取消替代变量
--describle/desc <table| view | function | synonym| procedure> 描述表、视图的列以及函数、程序的说明。
--del <line n> 删除SQL BUFFER指定行（不知道n 则倒序删除行）
{
HR@orcl> del 3 HR@orcl> list 1 SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, job_id, SALARY 2* FROM EMPLOYEES HR@orcl> del HR@orcl> list 1* SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, job_id, SALARY
HR@orcl> del HR@orcl> list SP2-0223: SQL 缓冲区中不存在行。
}
--edit | ed 创建或编辑sql 脚本
--execute <statement> 执行语句
--get <sqlfilename> 将sql脚本从文件load into sql buffer
{
HR@orcl> get c:\myfile 1* select sysdate from dual; HR@orcl> list 1* select sysdate from dual; HR@orcl>
}
--save <filename> 将sql buffer内容保存至文件
--host <cls | del...> sql会话模式利用host命令调用cmd命令
--input 追加新行enter a new line
{
HR@orcl> LIST 1 SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, JOB_ID, SALARY 2 FROM EMPLOYEES 3* WHERE JOB_ID='SA_MAN' HR@orcl> input 4 ORDER BY SALARY 5 HR@orcl> l 1 SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, JOB_ID, SALARY 2 FROM EMPLOYEES 3 WHERE JOB_ID='SA_MAN' 4* ORDER BY SALARY
}
--list | L <n> 列出SQL BUFFER中sql语句
{
HR@orcl> list 1 SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, JOB_ID, SALARY 2 FROM EMPLOYEES 3* WHERE SALARY>12000 HR@orcl> list 2 2* FROM EMPLOYEES
}
--password 修改current user 密码
--print 打印变量
{
HR@orcl> print n
N
----------
2
}
--prompt 向screen发送消息
--quit 用法同exit
--recover 恢复数据库等操作
--repheader 放置report头（见ttitle）
--repfooter 放置report角
{
REPFOOTER PAGE CENTER 'END EMPLOYEE LISTING REPORT' TTITLE RIGHT 'Page: ' FORMAT 999 SQL.PNO SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW WHERE SALARY > 12000;
}
--remark | rem 单行注释
{
REMARK Commission Report; REMARK to be run monthly.; COLUMN LAST_NAME HEADING 'LAST_NAME'; COLUMN SALARY HEADING 'MONTHLY SALARY' FORMAT $99,999; COLUMN COMMISSION_PCT HEADING 'COMMISSION %' FORMAT 90.90; REMARK Includes only salesmen; SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY, COMMISSION_PCT FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW WHERE JOB_ID='SA_MAN';
}
--run 列出sql buffer内容同时执行该内容
--show <variable> 显示变量或参数值
--shutdown 关闭数据库（DBA用户执行）
--startup 启动数据库（DBA用户执行）
--SET 命令集：
--SET PAGESIZE 60 设置一页显示行数
--set autocommit on 设置事务自动提交
--set verify off 关闭替代变量校验
{
SQL> SET VERIFY ON
SQL> SELECT &name FROM DUAL;
输入 name 的值: 1
原值 1: SELECT &name FROM DUAL
新值 1: SELECT 1 FROM DUAL
1
----------
1
SQL> SET VERIFY OFF
SQL> SELECT &name FROM DUAL;
输入 name 的值: 1
1
----------
1
}
--SET SERVEROUTPUT ON 打开屏幕输出dbms_output
--set underline <character> 设置标题与内容分隔符号
{
HR@orcl> select * from dual; D - X HR@orcl> set underline = HR@orcl> / D = X
}
--set termout off | on 关闭打开sqlplus输出显示
--SET AUTOTRACE TRACEONLY 查看执行计划
--set feedback off 关闭”PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。“
--store and start <variable> 存储set 变量值和恢复set 变量值
{
SCOTT@orcl> store set c:\plusenv.sql --存储当前session set 变量值 已创建 file c:\plusenv.sql SCOTT@orcl> show pagesize pagesize 24 SCOTT@orcl> set pagesize 60 SCOTT@orcl> show pagesize pagesize 60 SCOTT@orcl> start c:\plusenv.sql --恢复set 变量值 SCOTT@orcl> show pagesize pagesize 24 SCOTT@orcl> host del /f c:\plusenv.sql
}
--ttitle 设置report抬头
--btitle 设置report尾
{
HR@orcl> TTITLE CENTER - > "ACME SALES DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL REPORT" HR@orcl> BTITLE CENTER "COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL" HR@orcl> SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, LAST_NAME, SALARY 2 FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW 3 WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID = 30 4 ORDER BY DEPARTMENT_ID, SALARY; ACME SALES DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL REPORT DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME SALARY ------------- ------------------------- ---------- 30 Colmenares 2500 30 Himuro 2600 30 Tobias 2800 30 Baida 2900 30 Khoo 3100 30 Raphaely 11000 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL 已选择6行。
}
--spool <filename> 将屏幕显示保存到文件
--timing 计时器
{
HR@orcl> timing start sql_timer HR@orcl> timing show 计时: sql_timer 已用时间: 00: 00: 05.25 HR@orcl> timing stop 计时: sql_timer 已用时间: 00: 00: 17.29
}
--variable <name> 声明绑定变量供PLSQL块引用
{
HR@orcl> variable ret_val number
HR@orcl> begin
2 :ret_val := 4;
3 end;
4 /
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
HR@orcl> print ret_val
RET_VAL
--------
$4
HR@orcl> VARIABLE employee_info REFCURSOR HR@orcl> BEGIN 2 OPEN :employee_info FOR SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, SALARY 3 FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW WHERE JOB_ID='SA_MAN' ; 4 END; 5 / PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。 HR@orcl> PRINT employee_info
}
--whenever oserror exit 执行命令中遇到系统异常自动退出
--whenever sqlerror exit sql.sqlcode 执行命令中遇到SQL异常自动退出
--XQUERY 运行xquery语句
{
set long 160
set linesize 160
xquery for $i in ora:view("EMP_DETAILS_VIEW") return $i
/
}
To be continue...
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Dylan Presents.