linux下machine_desc结构体中的phys_io与io_pg_offst 的作用及使用方法
***************************************************************************************************************************
作者：EasyWave 时间：2012.02.12
类别：linux驱动开发 声明：转载，请保留链接
***************************************************************************************************************************
1. phys_io 与 io_pg_offst
我们在移植BSP的时候需要填充 machine_desc 结构体，其中有两个字段 phys_io 和 io_pg_offst，如下红色加粗部分：
MACHINE_START(W90P950EVB, "W90P950EVB")
.phys_io = W90X900_PA_UART,
.io_pg_offst = (((u32)W90X900_VA_UART) >> 18) & 0xfffc,
.boot_params = 0x100,
.map_io = nuc950evb_map_io,
.init_irq = nuc900_init_irq,
.init_machine = nuc950evb_init,
.timer = &nuc900_timer,
MACHINE_END
在linux2.6.38中已经没有phys_io与io_pg_offs这两个变量，后面的文章会分析这个问题，现在就来分析linux2.6.35中在machine_desc结构体中，有关phys_io和io_pg_offst变量的作用以及使用方法，在介绍phys_io和io_pg_offst变量的作用之前，我们先来熟悉一些machine_desc这结构体：
struct machine_desc {
/*
* Note! The first four elements are used
* by assembler code in head.S, head-common.S
*/
unsigned int nr; /* architecture number */
unsigned int phys_io; /* start of physical io */
unsigned int io_pg_offst; /* byte offset for io
* page tabe entry */
const char *name; /* architecture name */
unsigned long boot_params; /* tagged list */
unsigned int video_start; /* start of video RAM */
unsigned int video_end; /* end of video RAM */
unsigned int reserve_lp0 :1; /* never has lp0 */
unsigned int reserve_lp1 :1; /* never has lp1 */
unsigned int reserve_lp2 :1; /* never has lp2 */
unsigned int soft_reboot :1; /* soft reboot */
void (*fixup)(struct machine_desc *,
struct tag *, char **,
struct meminfo *);
void (*map_io)(void);/* IO mapping function */
void (*init_irq)(void);
struct sys_timer *timer; /* system tick timer */
void (*init_machine)(void);
};
在行7和行8定义了这两个变量，phys_io：物理IO的起始地址，io_pg_offst：IO页表的偏移字节的地址（MMU页表）。phys_io 用来保存 UART 的物理地址，io_pg_offst 用来保存 UART 的内核空间虚拟地址。两者的映射关系在 arch/arm/kernel/head.S 中建立。这样，在 kernel 没有初始化完 MMU 时，就可以通过写 io_pg_offst 向 UART 打印调试信息。这主要在 low level 的调试函数中使用，比如 printascii。
2. phys_io 与 io_pg_offst 的映射关系如何建立
现在可以进入arch\arm\kernel\head.S中分析这两个变量的具体调用情况：
/* * linux/arch/arm/kernel/head.S * * Copyright (C) 1994-2002 Russell King * Copyright (c) 2003 ARM Limited * All Rights Reserved * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as * published by the Free Software Foundation. * * Kernel startup code for all 32-bit CPUs */ ............ ............ ............ /* * Kernel startup entry point. * --------------------------- * * This is normally called from the decompressor code. The requirements * are: MMU = off, D-cache = off, I-cache = dont care, r0 = 0, * r1 = machine nr, r2 = atags pointer. * * This code is mostly position independent, so if you link the kernel at * 0xc0008000, you call this at __pa(0xc0008000). * * See linux/arch/arm/tools/mach-types for the complete list of machine * numbers for r1. * * We're trying to keep crap to a minimum; DO NOT add any machine specific * crap here - that's what the boot loader (or in extreme, well justified * circumstances, zImage) is for. */ __HEAD ENTRY(stext) setmode PSR_F_BIT | PSR_I_BIT | SVC_MODE, r9 @ ensure svc mode @ and irqs disabled mrc p15, 0, r9, c0, c0 @ get processor id bl __lookup_processor_type @ r5=procinfo r9=cpuid movs r10, r5 @ invalid processor (r5=0)? beq __error_p @ yes, error 'p' bl __lookup_machine_type @ r5=machinfo movs r8, r5 @ invalid machine (r5=0)? beq __error_a @ yes, error 'a' bl __vet_atags bl __create_page_tables /* * The following calls CPU specific code in a position independent * manner. See arch/arm/mm/proc-*.S for details. r10 = base of * xxx_proc_info structure selected by __lookup_machine_type * above. On return, the CPU will be ready for the MMU to be * turned on, and r0 will hold the CPU control register value. */ ldr r13, __switch_data @ address to jump to after @ mmu has been enabled adr lr, BSYM(__enable_mmu) @ return (PIC) address ARM( add pc, r10, #PROCINFO_INITFUNC ) THUMB( add r12, r10, #PROCINFO_INITFUNC ) THUMB( mov pc, r12 ) ENDPROC(stext) ..... ..... ..... /* * Setup the initial page tables. We only setup the barest * amount which are required to get the kernel running, which * generally means mapping in the kernel code. * * r8 = machinfo * r9 = cpuid * r10 = procinfo * * Returns: * r0, r3, r6, r7 corrupted * r4 = physical page table address */ __create_page_tables: pgtbl r4 @ page table address /* * Clear the 16K level 1 swapper page table */ mov r0, r4 mov r3, #0 add r6, r0, #0x4000 1: str r3, [r0], #4 str r3, [r0], #4 str r3, [r0], #4 str r3, [r0], #4 teq r0, r6 bne 1b ldr r7, [r10, #PROCINFO_MM_MMUFLAGS] @ mm_mmuflags /* * Create identity mapping for first MB of kernel to * cater for the MMU enable. This identity mapping * will be removed by paging_init(). We use our current program * counter to determine corresponding section base address. */ mov r6, pc mov r6, r6, lsr #20 @ start of kernel section orr r3, r7, r6, lsl #20 @ flags + kernel base str r3, [r4, r6, lsl #2] @ identity mapping /* * Now setup the pagetables for our kernel direct * mapped region. */ add r0, r4, #(KERNEL_START & 0xff000000) >> 18 str r3, [r0, #(KERNEL_START & 0x00f00000) >> 18]! ldr r6, =(KERNEL_END - 1) add r0, r0, #4 add r6, r4, r6, lsr #18 1: cmp r0, r6 add r3, r3, #1 << 20 strls r3, [r0], #4 bls 1b #ifdef CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL /* * Map some ram to cover our .data and .bss areas. */ orr r3, r7, #(KERNEL_RAM_PADDR & 0xff000000) .if (KERNEL_RAM_PADDR & 0x00f00000) orr r3, r3, #(KERNEL_RAM_PADDR & 0x00f00000) .endif add r0, r4, #(KERNEL_RAM_VADDR & 0xff000000) >> 18 str r3, [r0, #(KERNEL_RAM_VADDR & 0x00f00000) >> 18]! ldr r6, =(_end - 1) add r0, r0, #4 add r6, r4, r6, lsr #18 1: cmp r0, r6 add r3, r3, #1 << 20 strls r3, [r0], #4 bls 1b #endif /* * Then map first 1MB of ram in case it contains our boot params. */ add r0, r4, #PAGE_OFFSET >> 18 orr r6, r7, #(PHYS_OFFSET & 0xff000000) .if (PHYS_OFFSET & 0x00f00000) orr r6, r6, #(PHYS_OFFSET & 0x00f00000) .endif str r6, [r0] #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LL ldr r7, [r10, #PROCINFO_IO_MMUFLAGS] @ io_mmuflags /* * Map in IO space for serial debugging. * This allows debug messages to be output * via a serial console before paging_init. */ ldr r3, [r8, #MACHINFO_PGOFFIO] add r0, r4, r3 rsb r3, r3, #0x4000 @ PTRS_PER_PGD*sizeof(long) cmp r3, #0x0800 @ limit to 512MB movhi r3, #0x0800 add r6, r0, r3 ldr r3, [r8, #MACHINFO_PHYSIO] orr r3, r3, r7 1: str r3, [r0], #4 add r3, r3, #1 << 20 teq r0, r6 bne 1b #if defined(CONFIG_ARCH_NETWINDER) || defined(CONFIG_ARCH_CATS) /* * If we're using the NetWinder or CATS, we also need to map * in the 16550-type serial port for the debug messages */ add r0, r4, #0xff000000 >> 18 orr r3, r7, #0x7c000000 str r3, [r0] #endif #ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_RPC /* * Map in screen at 0x02000000 & SCREEN2_BASE * Similar reasons here - for debug. This is * only for Acorn RiscPC architectures. */ add r0, r4, #0x02000000 >> 18 orr r3, r7, #0x02000000 str r3, [r0] add r0, r4, #0xd8000000 >> 18 str r3, [r0] #endif #endif mov pc, lr ENDPROC(__create_page_tables)
在47行中我们可以看到：bl __create_page_tables 就进入到了create_page_tables函数中去了，这个函数在上面的79行，将151行开始的代码拿出来单独分析：
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LL
ldr r7, [r10, #PROCINFO_IO_MMUFLAGS] @ io_mmuflags
/*
* Map in IO space for serial debugging.
* This allows debug messages to be output
* via a serial console before paging_init.
*/
ldr r3, [r8, #MACHINFO_PGOFFIO]
add r0, r4, r3
rsb r3, r3, #0x4000 @ PTRS_PER_PGD*sizeof(long)
cmp r3, #0x0800 @ limit to 512MB
movhi r3, #0x0800
add r6, r0, r3
ldr r3, [r8, #MACHINFO_PHYSIO]
orr r3, r3, r7
1: str r3, [r0], #4 //这个循环把 phys_io 填充到 io_pg_offst 对应的 MMU 表项中
add r3, r3, #1 << 20
teq r0, r6
bne 1b
#if defined(CONFIG_ARCH_NETWINDER) || defined(CONFIG_ARCH_CATS)
/*
* If we're using the NetWinder or CATS, we also need to map
* in the 16550-type serial port for the debug messages
*/
add r0, r4, #0xff000000 >> 18
orr r3, r7, #0x7c000000
str r3, [r0]
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_RPC
/*
* Map in screen at 0x02000000 & SCREEN2_BASE
* Similar reasons here - for debug. This is
* only for Acorn RiscPC architectures.
*/
add r0, r4, #0x02000000 >> 18
orr r3, r7, #0x02000000
str r3, [r0]
add r0, r4, #0xd8000000 >> 18
str r3, [r0]
#endif
#endif
上面蓝色加粗部分的代码是在哪里定义的呢？它是在arch\arm\kernel\asm-offsets.c定义的，请看下面加粗的代码：
int main(void)
{
DEFINE(TSK_ACTIVE_MM, offsetof(struct task_struct, active_mm));
BLANK();
DEFINE(TI_FLAGS, offsetof(struct thread_info, flags));
DEFINE(TI_PREEMPT, offsetof(struct thread_info, preempt_count));
........
........
DEFINE(SYS_ERROR0, 0x9f0000);
BLANK();
DEFINE(SIZEOF_MACHINE_DESC, sizeof(struct machine_desc));
DEFINE(MACHINFO_TYPE, offsetof(struct machine_desc, nr));
DEFINE(MACHINFO_NAME, offsetof(struct machine_desc, name));
DEFINE(MACHINFO_PHYSIO, offsetof(struct machine_desc, phys_io));
DEFINE(MACHINFO_PGOFFIO, offsetof(struct machine_desc, io_pg_offst));
BLANK();
........
.........
return 0;
}
通过以上的DEFINE宏定义取出phys_io与io_pg_offst分别赋给了MACHINE_PHYSIO和MACHINE_PGOFFIO，这样， phys_io 和 io_pg_offst 就建立了映射关系。
3. printascii 与 uart
printascii 函数调用了一个 汇编宏 addruart。 这个宏在 arch/arm/mach-XXX/include/mach/debug-macro.S 中定义。它的代码一般是这种形式：
.macro addruart,rx
@ see if the MMU is enabled and select appropriate base address
mrc p15, 0, \rx, c1, c0
tst \rx, #1
ldreq \rx, =SUART_BASE_PA
ldrne \rx, =SUART_BASE_UA
.endm
显然，这里用到了在 head.S 中建立的映射关系。这个函数有些芯片并没有去实现。这个函数只用于low level 的调试函数。