1.动词(v.)→名词(n.)
(a)词形不变,词性改变
例如:work, study, water, plant等可以用作动词(工作,学习,浇水,种植),也可以用作名词(工作,学习,水,植物).
(b)一些动词在词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表示"某一类人"的名词
例如:work—worker, teach—teacher, sing—singer,
jump—jumper, play—player, learn—learner,
visit—visitor, invent—inventor,collect—collector等.
注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,在词尾加-r.
例如:drive—driver, write—writer等.
2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er
例如:run—runner, win—winner,begin—beginner等.
(c)在动词词尾加上-ment 变成名词
例如:achieve—achievement (成就) advertise—advertisement//advertising(广告)
agree—agreement disgree—disagreement
amuse—amusement (娱乐) improve—improvement(争吵)
commit(奉献)—commitment develop—development (发展)
depart—department (局,部) govern(统治)—government(政府)
manage—management (管理) equip—equipment (装备)
有些单词比较特殊,需把动词后的e去掉再加ment. 例如:argue—argument(争论)
(d)在动词词尾加上-(t)ion/(s)ion变成名词
例如: attract—attraction; instruct—instruction; invent—invention
discuss—discussion; express—expression
educate—education; graduate—graduation; operate—operation (去e再加"ion")
compete—competition; organize—organization (把e改成其他字母再加"tion")
decide—decision conclude—conclusion (把de改为s再加"ion")
describe—description描写,描绘 (这是特例,不规则变化)
(e)在动词词尾加上-ance变成名词
例如: appear—appearance (外貌;出现)
perform—performance (演出)
accept—acceptance (接受)
(f)在动词词尾加-ing变成名词 (方法与动词变为现在分词的方法相同)
例如:meet—meeting build—building wait—waiting
bathe—bathing say—saying(谚语) mean—meaning
end —ending train —training wash—washing
注意:以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ing
如:swim—swimming shop—shopping begin—beginning
(g)其他一些比较特殊的变化
例如: Beg(乞讨)—beggar(乞丐) behave(行为举止)—behavior
know(知道)—knowledge(知识) fly—flight (飞行)
heat (加热)—heat(热量) hit (撞击)—hit( 轰动一时的人或物,碰撞)
mix (混合)—mixture(混合物) press(按,压)—pressure(压力)
sit(坐)—seat (座位) succeed—success(成功)
tour—tour(旅游)/ tourist (游客)
2.动词(v.)→形容词(adj.)
(a)动词后面加able,以e结尾的动词则去e加able,表示具有此性质,特点或属性.
例如: afford-affordable;
love-lovable
(b)动词后面加ed,以e结尾的动词则直接加d,表示被动性的属性或特点.
例如: scatter-scattered
use-used
(c)不规则的动词则必须记忆,记住其过去分词形式.规律不大,意义同(b).
3.名词(n.)→形容词(adj.)
(a)在名词后面加-y可以变成形容词(尤其是一些与天气有关的名词)
例如: rain—rainy, cloud—cloudy, wind—windy, snow—snowy,
health—healthy, luck—lucky,anger—angry guilt—guilty(内疚的)
tourist—touristy(游客多的) , salt (盐)—salty (咸的)
silk(丝绸)—silky(丝绸般的), sleep—sleepy (昏昏欲睡的)
注意:1)如果以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,这时应双写辅音字母再加"-y".
如: sun—sunny, fun—funny, fog—foggy(有雾的), fur—furry(毛皮的)
2)少数以不发音的e结尾的名词变为形容词时,应去掉e再加"-y".
如: noise—noisy, ice—icy, shine—shiny(发亮的), taste(口味)—tasty(甜的)
(b)名词后面加-ed,以e结尾的直接加d.
例如: spot(斑点)—spotted(有斑点的); talent—talented (有天赋的)
organize—organized 有组织的; balance—balanced(平衡的)
(c)一些抽象名词在词尾加-ful可以变为形容词
例如:care—careful, thank—thankful, help—helpful,
use—useful, meaning—meaningful
(d)在名词后加-less构成含有否定意义的形容词
例如:care—careless(粗心的), use—useless(无用的)
hope—hopeless(没希望的),home—homeless(无家可归的)
(e)一些以-ce结尾的名词,把-ce改为-t变成形容词
例如: difference—different, silence—silent, confidence—confident
(f).在名词后加-ly变为形容词
例如: friend—friendly, love—lovely, live---lively
(g).在名词后加-ous变为形容词
例如: danger—dangerous
(h)名词后面加-al变为形容词
例如: music—musical; medicine—medical (这个比较特殊)
(i)名词后面加-able变为形容词,如果以e结尾就去e再加"-able".
例如: adjust—adjustable 可调整的
value—valuable有价值的
(j)名词后面加-en变成形容词
例如: wood—wooden 木制的
wool—woolen 羊毛的
(k)一些表示国家的名词可以在词尾加-ese, -ish或-n构成表示国籍,语言的形容词
例如:China—Chinese, Japan—Japanese, England—English,
America—American, India—Indian, Australia —Australian
(注意Canada—Canadian)
4..形容词(adj.)→副词(adv.)
▲一般在形容词的词尾加-ly可以变成副词
例如: quick—quickly, slow—slowly, loud—loudly, sudden—suddenly 等
但是,以下几点值得注意:
(a) 一些以"辅音字母+y"结尾的形容词,要把y改为i再加-ly
例如: happy—happily, angry—angrily, lucky—luckily, heavy—heavily, noisy—noisily
(b) 有些以-ble或-le结尾的形容词,去掉e加-y
例如:possible—possibly, terrible—terribly
(c)少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly
例如: true—truly
但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly 例如: polite—politely, wide—widely
(d)以-l结尾的形容词变为副词时要在词尾加-ly,以-ll结尾的才在词尾只加-y.
例如: usual—usually, careful—carefully, useful—usefully
full—fully (以-ll结尾的才只加y)
动词的过去式过去分词
(一)、不规则动词过去式和过去分词
动词的过去式和过去分词是初中英语教学中的重点,而有些动词的不规则变化是这些重点中的难点,但这些不规则变化也不是毫无规律可循的。现将初中英语中一些常用的不规则动词变化介绍如下。
一、原形、过去式和过去分词的词形和读音都相同的单词,结尾字母一般是t或d。如:
cut-cut-cut,
hit-hit-hit,
put-put-put,
cost-cost-cost,
let-let-let,
shut-shut-shut,
set-set-set,
hurt-hurt-hurt,
spread-spread-spread
特殊:动词read的过去式和过去分词虽然词形与原形一致,read-read-read,但发音分别是[ri:d]-[red]-[red]。
二、有些动词的过去分词与原形是一样的。如:
come-came-come,
become-became-become,
run-ran-run,
overcome-overcame-overcome
三、有些动词的过去式和过去分词相同。如:
1. 把单词结尾的字母d改为t。如:
lend-lent-lent,
spend-spent-spent,
send-sent-sent
2. 改变单词中间元音字母。如:
sit-sat-sat,
win-won-won,
shine-shone-shone,
hold-held-held
3. 以eep结尾的动词,把eep改为ept。如:
keep-kept-kept,
sleep-slept-slept,
sweep-swept-swept
4. 过去式和过去分词都以augh或ough结尾的动词。如:
buy-bought-bought,
fight-fought-fought,
think-thought-thought,
bring-brought-brought,
teach-taught-taught,
catch-caught-caught
5. 有的以ay结尾的动词,在过去式和过去分词中把ay变成aid。如:
say-said-said,
lay-laid-laid,
pay-paid-paid
6. 另有一些其它形式的变化。如:
have-had-had,
learn-learnt-learnt,
leave-left-left,
lose-lost-lost,
make-made-made,
meet-met-met, feel-felt-felt
五、以字母ow或aw结尾的动词,在变成过去式时,通常把元音字母变成e,在变成过去分词时,通常只在词尾加n。如:
blow- blew- blown,
draw-drew-drawn,
grow-grew-grown,
throw-threw-thrown,
know-knew-known
六、有些动词的过去分词是在原形词尾加n或en,变成以en结尾的单词。如:
rise-rose-risen,
give-gave-given,
take-took-taken,
fall-fell-fallen,
drive-drove-driven,
eat-ate-eaten
特殊:
write-wrote-written,
speak-spoke-spoken,
ride-rode-ridden,
get-got-gotten