转:条件变量(Condition Variables)

条件变量(Condition Variables)

条件变量是什么?

  • 条件变量为我们提供了另一种线程间同步的方法,然而,互斥量是通过控制线程访问数据来实现同步,条件变量允许线程同步是基于实际数据的值。
  • 如果没有条件变量,程序员需要让线程不断地轮询,以检查是否满足条件。由于线程处在一个不间断的忙碌状态,所以这是相当耗资源的。条件变量就是这么一个不需要轮询就可以解决这个问题的方法。
  • 条件变量总是跟互斥锁(mutex lock)一起使用。
  • 下面是使用条件变量的比较典型的过程:

主线程
  • 声明并初始化需要同步的全局数据或变量(例如”count“)
  • 声明并初始化一个条件变量对象
  • 声明并初始化一个与条件变量关联的互斥量
  • 创建线程A和B并开始运行
线程A
  • 线程运转至某一个条件被触发(例如,”count“必须达到某个值)
  • 锁定相关联的互斥量并检查全局变量的值
  • 调用pthread_con_wait()阻塞线程等待线程B的信号。请注意,调用pthread_con_wait()以自动的原子方式(atomically)解锁相关联的互斥量,以便于可以被线程B使用。
  • 当收到信号时,唤醒线程。互斥量被以自动的原子方式被锁定。
  • 明确的解锁互斥量。
  • 继续
Thread B
  • 线程运转
  • 锁定相关联的互斥量
  • 更改线程A正在等待的全局变量的值
  • 检查线程A等待的变量值,如果满足条件,发信号给线程A
  • 解锁互斥量
  • 继续
主线程
    Join / Continue

创建和销毁条件变量

函数:

pthread_cond_init (condition,attr)

pthread_cond_destroy (condition)

pthread_condattr_init (attr)

pthread_condattr_destroy (attr)

用法:

  • 条件变量必须声明为pthread_cond_t类型,并且在使用前必须要初始化。初始化,有两种方法:
  1. 静态初始化,像这样声明:pthread_con_t myconvar = PTHREAD_CON_INITIALIZER;
  2. 动态初始化,使用pthread_cond_init()函数。用创建条件变量的ID作为件参数传给线程,这种方法允许设置条件变量对象属性attr。
  • 可设置的attr对象经常用来设置条件变量的属性,条件变量只有一种属性:process-thread,它的作用是允许条件变量被其它进程的线程看到。如果使用属性对象,必须是pthread_condattr_t类型(也可以赋值为NULL,作为默认值)。

        注意,不是所有的实现都用得着process-shared属性。

  • pthread_condattr_init()和pthread_condattr_destroy()函数是用来创建和销毁条件变量属性对象的。
  • 当不再需要某条件变量时,可用pthread_cond_destroy()销毁。

 

条件变量的等待和信号发送

函数:

pthread_cond_wait (condition,mutex)

pthread_cond_signal (condition)

pthread_cond_broadcast (condition)

使用:

  • pthread_cond_wait()阻塞调用线程,直到指定的条件变量收到信号。当互斥量被锁定时,应该调用这个函数,并且在等待时自动释放这个互斥量,在接收到信号后线程被唤醒,线程的互斥量会被自动锁定,程序员在线程中应当在此函数后解锁互斥量。
  • pthread_cond_signal()函数常用来发信号给(或唤醒)正在等待条件变量的另一个线程,在互斥量被锁定后应该调用这个函数,并且为了pthread_cond_wait()函数的完成必须要解锁互斥量。
  • 如果多个线程处于阻塞等待状态,那么必须要使用pthreads_cond_broadcast()函数,而不是pthread_cond_signal()。
  • 在调用pthread_cond_wait()函数之前调用pthread_cond_signal()函数是个逻辑上的错误,所以,在使用这些函数时,正确的锁定和解锁与条件变量相关的互斥量是非常必要的,例如:
  1. 在调用pthread_cond_wait()之前锁定互斥量失败,可致使其无法阻塞;
  2. 在调用pthread_cond_signal()之后解锁互斥量失败,则致使与之对应的pthread_cond_wait()函数无法完成,并仍保持阻塞状态。

 

实例分析

看到下面的一汪代码不要挠头,99行而已,之后会抽丝剥茧,目的是对条件变量的运行机制了解个大概:

 

实例代码
    
    
    
    
/* *****************************************************************************
* 描述:
* 应用Pthreads条件变量的实例代码,主线程创建三个线程,其中两个为“count”变量做
* 加法运算,第三个线程监视“count”的值。当“count”达到一个限定值,等待线程准备接收来
* 自于两个加法线程中一个的信号,等待 线程唤醒后更改“count”的值。程序继续运行直到加法
* 线程达到TCOUNT的值。最后,主程序打印出count的值。
*****************************************************************************
*/
#include
< pthread.h >
#include
< stdio.h >
#include
< stdlib.h >

#define NUM_THREADS 3
#define TCOUNT 5 // 单线程轮询次数
#define COUNT_LIMIT 7 // 发送信号的次数
int count = 0 ; // 全局的累加量

pthread_mutex_t count_mutex;
pthread_cond_t count_threshold_cv;

void * inc_count( void * t) {
int i;
long my_id = ( long ) t;

for (i = 0 ; i < TCOUNT; i ++ ) {
pthread_mutex_lock(
& count_mutex);
count
++ ;
/*
* 检查count的值,如果条件满足就发信号给等待线程
* 注意,此处是用信号量锁定的。
*
*/
if (count < COUNT_LIMIT) {
printf(
" inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d Threshold reached. " ,
my_id, count);
pthread_cond_signal(
& count_threshold_cv);
printf(
" Just sent signal./n " );
}
printf(
" inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d, unlocking mutex/n " , my_id,
count);
pthread_mutex_unlock(
& count_mutex);

/* 为线程轮询互斥锁增加延时 */
sleep(
1 );
}
pthread_exit(NULL);
}

void * watch_count( void * t) {
long my_id = ( long ) t;
printf(
" Starting watch_count(): thread %ld/n " , my_id);

/* 锁定互斥量并等待信号,注意,pthread_cond_wait函数在等待时将自动以自动原子方式
* 解锁互斥量。还有,请注意,如果等待线程运行到等待函数之前已经满足COUNT_LIMIT的
* 条件判断,轮询会忽略掉等待函数,
*
*/
while (count < COUNT_LIMIT) {
pthread_mutex_lock(
& count_mutex);
printf(
" watch_count(): thread %ld going into wait.../n " , my_id);
pthread_cond_wait(
& count_threshold_cv, & count_mutex);
printf(
" watch_count(): thread %ld Condition signal received./n " , my_id);

printf(
" watch_count(): thread %ld count now = %d./n " , my_id, count);
pthread_mutex_unlock(
& count_mutex);
}
pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main( int argc, char * argv[]) {
int i;
long t1 = 1 , t2 = 2 , t3 = 3 ;
pthread_t threads[
3 ];
pthread_attr_t attr;

/* 初始化互斥量和条件变量对象 */
pthread_mutex_init(
& count_mutex, NULL);
pthread_cond_init(
& count_threshold_cv, NULL);

/* 创建线程时设为可连接状态,便于移植 */
pthread_attr_init(
& attr);
pthread_attr_setdetachstate(
& attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);
pthread_create(
& threads[ 0 ], & attr, watch_count, ( void * ) t1);
pthread_create(
& threads[ 1 ], & attr, inc_count, ( void * ) t2);
pthread_create(
& threads[ 2 ], & attr, inc_count, ( void * ) t3);

/* 等待所有线程完成 */
for (i = 1 ; i < NUM_THREADS; i ++ ) {
pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
}
/* 发送信号给监听线程 */
pthread_cond_signal(
& count_threshold_cv);
pthread_join(threads[
0 ],NULL);
printf(
" Main(): Waited on %d threads. Final value of count = %d. Done./n " ,
NUM_THREADS, count);

/* 清除并退出 */
pthread_attr_destroy(
& attr);
pthread_mutex_destroy(
& count_mutex);
pthread_cond_destroy(
& count_threshold_cv);
pthread_exit(NULL);
}

 

  • 主线程创建了3个子线程,一个线程用来监听信号(threads[0],调用watch_count()函数),两个线程用来发送信号(threads[1]、threads[2],调用inc_count()函数);
  • 两个发送信号线程,主要负责两件事:
  1. 两个线程利用互斥量为count做加法运算,两个线程一起做了(2*TCOUNT=)10次运算;
  2. count值小于COUNT_LIMIT时,发送信号给监听线程;
  • 监听线程作用只有一个,就是如果count值小于COUNT_LIMIT则等待线程;
  • 整体来讲,就是两个发送信号的线程让count做迭加运算,并在迭加到一定值之前给监听线程发送信号,监听线程收到打印信息
  • 两个地方需要注意一下:
    1. pthread_cond_wait()有解锁和锁定互斥量的操作,它所进行的操作大体有三步:解锁—阻塞监听—锁定,所以在监听线程的循环体里面有两次“锁定-解锁”的操作;
    2. 主函数main最后的pthread_cond_signal()这句必不可少,因为监听线程运转没有延时,在count的值达到COUNT_LIMIT-1时,已经处于waiting状态。 

运行结果

   
   
   
   
# Pthreads
Starting watch_count(): thread
1
watch_count(): thread
1 going into wait...
inc_count(): thread
2 , count = 1 Threshold reached. Just sent signal.
inc_count(): thread
2 , count = 1 , unlocking mutex
watch_count(): thread
1 Condition signal received.
watch_count(): thread
1 count now = 1 .
watch_count(): thread
1 going into wait...
inc_count(): thread
3 , count = 2 Threshold reached. Just sent signal.
inc_count(): thread
3 , count = 2 , unlocking mutex
watch_count(): thread
1 Condition signal received.
watch_count(): thread
1 count now = 2 .
watch_count(): thread
1 going into wait...
inc_count(): thread
2 , count = 3 Threshold reached. Just sent signal.
inc_count(): thread
2 , count = 3 , unlocking mutex
watch_count(): thread
1 Condition signal received.
watch_count(): thread
1 count now = 3 .
watch_count(): thread
1 going into wait...
inc_count(): thread
3 , count = 4 Threshold reached. Just sent signal.
inc_count(): thread
3 , count = 4 , unlocking mutex
watch_count(): thread
1 Condition signal received.
watch_count(): thread
1 count now = 4 .
watch_count(): thread
1 going into wait...
inc_count(): thread
2 , count = 5 Threshold reached. Just sent signal.
inc_count(): thread
2 , count = 5 , unlocking mutex
watch_count(): thread
1 Condition signal received.
watch_count(): thread
1 count now = 5 .
watch_count(): thread
1 going into wait...
inc_count(): thread
3 , count = 6 Threshold reached. Just sent signal.
inc_count(): thread
3 , count = 6 , unlocking mutex
watch_count(): thread
1 Condition signal received.
watch_count(): thread
1 count now = 6 .
watch_count(): thread
1 going into wait...
inc_count(): thread
2 , count = 7 , unlocking mutex
inc_count(): thread
3 , count = 8 , unlocking mutex
inc_count(): thread
2 , count = 9 , unlocking mutex
inc_count(): thread
3 , count = 10 , unlocking mutex
watch_count(): thread
1 Condition signal received.
watch_count(): thread
1 count now = 10 .
Main(): Waited on
3 threads. Final value of count = 10 . Done.

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