STL算法(Algorithms):修改操作(拷贝、替换等)

Stl的函数对象的写操作：
copy、copy_backward、swap、swap_ranges、iter_swap、transform、
replace、replace_if、replace_copy、replace_copy_if、fill、fill_n、
generate、generate_n、remove、remove_if、remove_copy、remove_copy_if、
unique、unique_copy、reverse、reverse_copy、rotate、rotate_copy、
random_shuffle、partition、stable_partition
1. 拷贝：copy和copy_backward
Copy的原型：
template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator copy ( InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result );
copy_backward原型：
template <class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2>
  BidirectionalIterator2 copy_backward ( BidirectionalIterator1 first,
                                         BidirectionalIterator1 last,
                                         BidirectionalIterator2 result );
这两个函数区别：copy是正常的拷贝，copy_backward则是从序列的末尾开始拷贝；
copy_backward和下面的代码等效
template<class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2>
  BidirectionalIterator2 copy_backward ( BidirectionalIterator1 first,
                                         BidirectionalIterator1 last,
                                         BidirectionalIterator2 result )
{
  while (last!=first) *(--result) = *(--last);
  return result;
}
Copy和下面的代码等效
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator copy ( InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result )
{
  while (first!=last) *result++ = *first++;
  return result;
}
copy例子：
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  int myints[]={10,20,30,40,50,60,70};
  vector<int> myvector;
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  myvector.resize(7);   // allocate space for 7 elements

  copy ( myints, myints+7, myvector.begin() );

  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
copy_backward例子：
// copy_backward example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  vector<int> myvector;
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<=5; i++)
    myvector.push_back(i*10);          // myvector: 10 20 30 40 50

  myvector.resize(myvector.size()+3);  // allocate space for 3 more elements

  copy_backward ( myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end() );

  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
这个输出的是myvector contains: 10 20 30 10 20 30 40 50

 

2、交换：swap、swap_ranges、iter_swap
Swap交换两个对象的值；swap_ranges是交换连个范围内的值；
iter_swap通过迭代器交换两个对象指针的值
例子：
// swap algorithm example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {

  int x=10, y=20;                         // x:10 y:20
  swap(x,y);                              // x:20 y:10

  vector<int> first (4,x), second (6,y);  // first:4x20 second:6x10
  swap(first,second);                     // first:6x10 second:4x20

  cout << "first contains:";
  for (vector<int>::iterator it=first.begin(); it!=first.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
// swap_ranges example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  vector<int> first (5,10);        //  first: 10 10 10 10 10
  vector<int> second (5,33);       // second: 33 33 33 33 33
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  swap_ranges(first.begin()+1, first.end()-1, second.begin());

  // print out results of swap:
  cout << " first contains:";
  for (it=first.begin(); it!=first.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << "\nsecond contains:";
  for (it=second.begin(); it!=second.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
// iter_swap example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {

  int myints[]={10,20,30,40,50 };          //   myints:  10  20  30  40  50
  vector<int> myvector (4,99);             // myvector:  99  99  99  99

  iter_swap(myints,myvector.begin());      //   myints: [99] 20  30  40  50
                                           // myvector: [10] 99  99  99

  iter_swap(myints+3,myvector.begin()+2);  //   myints:  99  20  30 [99]
                                           // myvector:  10  99 [40] 99

  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
3、替换: replace、replace_if、replace_copy、replace_copy_if
replace是简单的值替换；replace_if是有条件的替换；
replace_copy是替换并重新输出到另一个序列中；
replace_copy_if和上面的功能类似，不过有条件；
注意：这里如果有参数是类对象，则必须重载()
例子：// replace algorithm example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  int myints[] = { 10, 20, 30, 30, 20, 10, 10, 20 };
  vector<int> myvector (myints, myints+8);            // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20

  replace (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 20, 99); // 10 99 30 30 99 10 10 99

  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;
 
  return 0;
}
// replace_if example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }

int main () {
  vector<int> myvector;
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; i++) myvector.push_back(i);          // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  
  replace_if (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), IsOdd, 0); // 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0

  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;
 
  return 0;
}

// replace_copy example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  int myints[] = { 10, 20, 30, 30, 20, 10, 10, 20 };

  vector<int> myvector (8);
  replace_copy (myints, myints+8, myvector.begin(), 20, 99);

  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;
 
  return 0;
}
// replace_copy_if example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }

int main () {
  vector<int> first,second;
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; i++) first.push_back(i);          // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  second.resize(first.size());   // allocate space
  replace_copy_if (first.begin(), first.end(), second.begin(), IsOdd, 0);
                                                        // 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0

  cout << "second contains:";
  for (it=second.begin(); it!=second.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;
 
  return 0;
}

4、初始化：fill、fill_n、generate、generate_n
fill和fill_n类似于memset；
generate和generate_n通过函数来产生每个值。
例子：
// fill algorithm example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  vector<int> myvector (8);                       // myvector: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

  fill (myvector.begin(),myvector.begin()+4,5);   // myvector: 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0
  fill (myvector.begin()+3,myvector.end()-2,8);   // myvector: 5 5 5 8 8 8 0 0

  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;
 
  return 0;
}
// fill_n example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  vector<int> myvector (8,10);        // myvector: 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

  fill_n (myvector.begin(),4,20);     // myvector: 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10
  fill_n (myvector.begin()+3,3,33);   // myvector: 20 20 20 33 33 33 10 10

  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;
 
  return 0;
}
// generate algorithm example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

// function generator:
int RandomNumber () { return (rand()%100); }

// class generator:
struct c_unique {
  int current;
  c_unique() {current=0;}
  int operator()() {return ++current;}
} UniqueNumber;

int main () {
  srand ( unsigned ( time(NULL) ) );

  vector<int> myvector (8);
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  generate (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), RandomNumber);

  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  generate (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), UniqueNumber);

  cout << "\nmyvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;
 
  return 0;
}
// generate_n example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int current(0);
int UniqueNumber () { return ++current; }

int main () {
  int myarray[9];

  generate_n (myarray, 9, UniqueNumber);

  cout << "myarray contains:";
  for (int i=0; i<9; ++i)
    cout << " " << myarray[i];

  cout << endl;
  return 0;
}
5、转换：transform(适用于对某个序列内的每个成员进行的某个操作)
原型：template < class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryOperator >
  OutputIterator transform ( InputIterator first1, InputIterator last1,
                             OutputIterator result, UnaryOperator op );

template < class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
           class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperator >
  OutputIterator transform ( InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
                             InputIterator2 first2, OutputIterator result,
                             BinaryOperator binary_op );
例子：
// transform algorithm example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int op_increase (int i) { return ++i; }
int op_sum (int i, int j) { return i+j; }

int main () {
  vector<int> first;
  vector<int> second;
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<6; i++) first.push_back (i*10); //  first: 10 20 30 40 50

  second.resize(first.size());     // allocate space
  transform (first.begin(), first.end(), second.begin(), op_increase);
                                                  // second: 11 21 31 41 51

  transform (first.begin(), first.end(), second.begin(), first.begin(), op_sum);
                                                  //  first: 21 41 61 81 101

  cout << "first contains:";
  for (it=first.begin(); it!=first.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;
  return 0;
}
6、删除：remove、remove_if、remove_copy、remove_copy_if、unique、unique_copy
remove：从序列中删除某个元素
原型：template < class ForwardIterator, class T >
  ForwardIterator remove ( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                           const T& value );
remove_if：将符合条件的都删除掉；remvoe和remove删除后，序列的长度会有变化(减少)
原型：template < class ForwardIterator, class Predicate >
  ForwardIterator remove_if ( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                              Predicate pred );
remove_copy：将删除后的序列拷贝到另外一个序列中
原型：template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
  OutputIterator remove_copy ( InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                               OutputIterator result, const T& value );
remove_copy_if：基本功能和remove_copy类似，不过这里是有条件的删除
原型：template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate>
  OutputIterator remove_copy_if ( InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                                  OutputIterator result, Predicate pred );
unique：删除连续的重复的元素
原型：template <class ForwardIterator>
  ForwardIterator unique ( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last );

template <class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
  ForwardIterator unique ( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                           BinaryPredicate pred );
unique_copy：将删除连续的重复的元素后的序列拷贝到另一个序列中
原型：template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator unique_copy ( InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                               OutputIterator result );

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
  OutputIterator unique_copy ( InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                               OutputIterator result, BinaryPredicate pred ); 
示例：
// remove algorithm example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20};      // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20

  // bounds of range:
  int* pbegin = myints;                          // ^
  int* pend = myints+sizeof(myints)/sizeof(int); // ^                       ^

  pend = remove (pbegin, pend, 20);              // 10 30 30 10 10 ?  ?  ?
                                                 // ^              ^
  cout << "range contains:";
  for (int* p=pbegin; p!=pend; ++p)
    cout << " " << *p;

  cout << endl;
 
  return 0;
}
// remove_if example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }

int main () {
  int myints[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};            // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  // bounds of range:
  int* pbegin = myints;                          // ^
  int* pend = myints+sizeof(myints)/sizeof(int); // ^                 ^

  pend = remove_if (pbegin, pend, IsOdd);        // 2 4 6 8 ? ? ? ? ?
                                                 // ^       ^
  cout << "range contains:";
  for (int* p=pbegin; p!=pend; ++p)
    cout << " " << *p;

  cout << endl;
 
  return 0;
}
// remove_copy example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20};          // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20
  vector<int> myvector (8);
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  remove_copy (myints,myints+8,myvector.begin(),20); // 10 30 30 10 10 0 0 0

  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;
 
  return 0;
}
// remove_copy_if example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }

int main () {
  int myints[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};          
  vector<int> myvector (9);
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  remove_copy_if (myints,myints+9,myvector.begin(),IsOdd);

  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;
 
  return 0;
}
// unique algorithm example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

bool myfunction (int i, int j) {
  return (i==j);
}

int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,20,20,30,30,20,20,10};    // 10 20 20 20 30 30 20 20 10
  vector<int> myvector (myints,myints+9);
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  // using default comparison:
  it = unique (myvector.begin(), myvector.end()); // 10 20 30 20 10 ?  ?  ?  ?
                                                  //                ^

  myvector.resize( it - myvector.begin() );       // 10 20 30 20 10

  // using predicate comparison:
  unique (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myfunction);   // (no changes)

  // print out content:
  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
// unique_copy example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

bool myfunction (int i, int j) {
  return (i==j);
}

int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,20,20,30,30,20,20,10};
  vector<int> myvector (9);                            // 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  // using default comparison:
  it=unique_copy (myints,myints+9,myvector.begin());   // 10 20 30 20 10 0  0  0  0
                                                       //                ^

  sort (myvector.begin(),it);                          // 10 10 20 20 30 0  0  0  0
                                                       //                ^

  // using predicate comparison:
  it=unique_copy (myvector.begin(), it, myvector.begin(), myfunction);
                                                       // 10 20 30 20 30 0  0  0  0
                                                       //          ^

  myvector.resize( it - myvector.begin() );            // 10 20 30

  // print out content:
  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
7、更改序列内元素的顺序：reverse、reverse_copy、rotate、rotate_copy、random_shuffle、
reverse：反转序列
原型：template <class BidirectionalIterator>
  void reverse ( BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last);
reverse_copy：将反转后的序列拷贝
原型：<algorithm>
template <class BidirectionalIterator, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator reverse_copy ( BidirectionalIterator first,
                                BidirectionalIterator last, OutputIterator result );
rotate：旋转元素(将指定范围内的元素移到尾部，其他的元素相对前移)
原型：template <class ForwardIterator>
  void rotate ( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle,
                ForwardIterator last );
rotate_copy：将元素旋转后并拷贝
原型：template <class ForwardIterator, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator rotate_copy ( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle,
                               ForwardIterator last, OutputIterator result );
random_shuffle：重排序列内的随机元素
原型：template <class RandomAccessIterator>
  void random_shuffle ( RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last );

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class RandomNumberGenerator>
  void random_shuffle ( RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
                        RandomNumberGenerator& rand );
示例：
// reverse algorithm example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  vector<int> myvector;
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  reverse(myvector.begin(),myvector.end());       // 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

  // print out content:
  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
// reverse_copy example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  int myints[] ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
  vector<int> myvector;
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  myvector.resize(9);

  reverse_copy (myints, myints+9, myvector.begin());

  // print out content:
  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
// rotate algorithm example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  vector<int> myvector;
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  rotate(myvector.begin(),myvector.begin()+3,myvector.end());
                                                  // 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3

  // print out content:
  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
// rotate_copy algorithm example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,30,40,50,60,70};

  vector<int> myvector;
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  myvector.resize(7);

  rotate_copy(myints,myints+3,myints+7,myvector.begin());

  // print out content:
  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
// random_shuffle example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <vector>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

// random generator function:
ptrdiff_t myrandom (ptrdiff_t i) { return rand()%i;}

// pointer object to it:
ptrdiff_t (*p_myrandom)(ptrdiff_t) = myrandom;

int main () {
  srand ( unsigned ( time (NULL) ) );
  vector<int> myvector;
  vector<int>::iterator it;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  // using built-in random generator:
  random_shuffle ( myvector.begin(), myvector.end() );

  // using myrandom:
  random_shuffle ( myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), p_myrandom);

  // print out content:
  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
8、分割序列：partition、stable_partition
partition：按照pred制定的规则对序列进行分割
原型：template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Predicate>
  BidirectionalIterator partition ( BidirectionalIterator first,
                                    BidirectionalIterator last, Predicate pred );
stable_partition：基本功能和上面的类似，不同的是分割后的序列都是排序过的(顺序)
原型和partition的一样。
示例：
// partition algorithm example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

bool IsOdd (int i) { return (i%2)==1; }

int main () {
  vector<int> myvector;
  vector<int>::iterator it, bound;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  bound = partition (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), IsOdd);

  // print out content:
  cout << "odd members:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=bound; ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << "\neven members:";
  for (it=bound; it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
// stable_partition example
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

bool IsOdd (int i) { return (i%2)==1; }

int main () {
  vector<int> myvector;
  vector<int>::iterator it, bound;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  bound = stable_partition (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), IsOdd);

  // print out content:
  cout << "odd members:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=bound; ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << "\neven members:";
  for (it=bound; it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}