【李行之原创作品 转载请注明出处 《Linux内核分析》MOOC课程http://mooc.study.163.com/course/USTC-1000029000】
存储程序计算机工作模型,计算机系统最最基础性的逻辑结构;
函数调用堆栈,高级语言得以运行的基础,只有机器语言和汇编语言的时候堆栈机制对于计算机来说并不那么重要,但有了高级语言及函数,堆栈成为了计算机的基础功能;函数参数传递机制和局部变量存储
中断,多道程序操作系统的基点,没有中断机制程序只能从头一直运行结束才有可能开始运行其他程序。
下面的代码中有参数传递过程:
#include <stdio.h>
void p1(char c)
{
printf("%c",c);
}
int p2(int x,int y)//重点关注这里的局部变量
{
return x+y;
}
int main(void)
{
char c ='a';
int x,y;
x =1;
y =2;
p1(c);
z = p2(x,y);//重点关注这里的参数传递过程
printf("%d = %d+%d",z,x,y);
}
进行反汇编之后,代码如下:
图2是main函数中z = p2(x,y);一句的汇编代码。可以看到的是,汇编代码中用变址寻址把y的值和x的值存放到堆栈中,然后进行局部变量调用。
进入实验楼,打开shell之后按照说明输入;
1.mypcb.h//头文件
10 #define MAX_TASK_NUM 4
11 #define KERNEL_STACK_SIZE 1024*8
12
13 /* CPU-specific state of this task */
14 struct Thread {
15 unsigned long ip;
16 unsigned long sp;
17 };
18
19 typedef struct PCB{
20 int pid;
21 volatile long state; /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
22 char stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE];
23 /* CPU-specific state of this task */
24 struct Thread thread;
25 unsigned long task_entry;
26 struct PCB *next;
27 }tPCB;
28
29 void my_schedule(void);
2.mymain.c
16 #include "mypcb.h"
17
18 tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
19 tPCB * my_current_task = NULL;
20 volatile int my_need_sched = 0;
21
22 void my_process(void);
23
24
25 void __init my_start_kernel(void)
26 {
27 int pid = 0;
28 int i;
29 /* Initialize process 0*/
30 task[pid].pid = pid;
31 task[pid].state = 0;
32 task[pid].task_entry = task[pid].thread.ip = (unsigned long)my_process;
33 task[pid].thread.sp = (unsigned long)&task[pid].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
34 task[pid].next = &task[pid];
35 /*fork more process */
36 for(i=1;i<MAX_TASK_NUM;i++)
37 {
38 memcpy(&task[i],&task[0],sizeof(tPCB));
39 task[i].pid = i;
40 task[i].state = -1;
41 task[i].thread.sp = (unsigned long)&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
42 task[i].next = task[i-1].next;
43 task[i-1].next = &task[i];
44 }
45 /* start process 0 by task[0] */
46 pid = 0;
47 my_current_task = &task[pid];
48 asm volatile(
49 "movl %1,%%esp\n\t" /* set task[pid].thread.sp to esp */
50 "pushl %1\n\t" /* push ebp */
51 "pushl %0\n\t" /* push task[pid].thread.ip */
52 "ret\n\t" /* pop task[pid].thread.ip to eip */
53 "popl %%ebp\n\t" //弹出来ebp,内核初始化工作完成
54 :
55 : "c" (task[pid].thread.ip),"d" (task[pid].thread.sp) /* input c or d mean %ecx/%edx*/
56 );
57 }
58 void my_process(void)
59 {
60 int i = 0;
61 while(1)
62 {
63 i++;
64 if(i%10000000 == 0)
65 {
66 printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d -\n",my_current_task->pid);
67 if(my_need_sched == 1) //执行10 000 000次才判断一次是否需要调度
68 {
69 my_need_sched = 0;
70 my_schedule();
71 }
72 printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d +\n",my_current_task->pid);
73 }
74 }
75 }
3.myinterrupt.c 调度机制
15 #include "mypcb.h"
16
17 extern tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
18 extern tPCB * my_current_task;
19 extern volatile int my_need_sched;
20 volatile int time_count = 0;
21
22 /*
23 * Called by timer interrupt.
24 * it runs in the name of current running process,
25 * so it use kernel stack of current running process
26 */
27 void my_timer_handler(void)
28 {
29 #if 1
30 if(time_count%1000 == 0 && my_need_sched != 1)
31 {
32 printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_timer_handler here<<<\n");
33 my_need_sched = 1;
34 }
35 time_count ++ ;
36 #endif
37 return;
38 }
39
40 void my_schedule(void)
41 {
42 tPCB * next;
43 tPCB * prev;
44
45 if(my_current_task == NULL
46 || my_current_task->next == NULL)
47 {
48 return;
49 }
50 printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_schedule<<<\n");
51 /* schedule */
52 next = my_current_task->next;
53 prev = my_current_task;
54 if(next->state == 0)/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */ //在两个正在执行的进程之间做上下文切换
55 {
56 /* switch to next process */
57 asm volatile(
58 "pushl %%ebp\n\t" /* save ebp */
59 "movl %%esp,%0\n\t" /* save esp */
60 "movl %2,%%esp\n\t" /* restore esp */
61 "movl $1f,%1\n\t" /* save eip */ //$1f就是指标号1:的代码在内存中存储的地址
62 "pushl %3\n\t"
63 "ret\n\t" /* restore eip */
64 "1:\t" /* next process start here */
65 "popl %%ebp\n\t"
66 : "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
67 : "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
68 );
69 my_current_task = next;
70 printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid
71 }
72 else
73 {
74 next->state = 0;
75 my_current_task = next;
76 printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);
77 /* switch to new process */
78 asm volatile(
79 "pushl %%ebp\n\t" /* save ebp */
80 "movl %%esp,%0\n\t" /* save esp */
81 "movl %2,%%esp\n\t" /* restore esp */
82 "movl %2,%%ebp\n\t" /* restore ebp */
83 "movl $1f,%1\n\t" /* save eip */
84 "pushl %3\n\t"
85 "ret\n\t" /* restore eip */
86 : "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
87 : "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
88 );
89 }
90 return;
91 }
【 如何理解“操作系统是如何工作的?” 】
操作系统具有“两把剑”即中断上下文和进程切换;这样的特性使得操作系统可以具有一定的标准来选择执行和中断程序,调配资源。