[置顶] mysql权限管理、日志管理及常用工具

  • mysql日志管理
可以通过 mysqldumpslow工具来对慢查询日志进行分类汇总查看
mysql存在的几种日志,默认情况下mysql日志存放在data目录下,
  • 慢查询日志 默认情况下命名为:host_name_slow.log
  • 二进制日志  包含所有的DDL和DML,但不包括查询数据, 默认情况下命名为:host_name-bin.000001
  • 查询日志 默认情况下命名为:host_name.log
  • 错误日志  监控mysql的状态    默认情况下命名为:host_name.err
可以通过mysqlbinlog工具看来查询mysql日志

  • mysqlbinlog用法如下:
mysqbinlog mysql.err   查询错误日志
当然可以通过添加参数来查看指定内容,如:
mysqlbinlog mysql-bin.000001  -d test 只显示对test数据库的二进制日志
mysqlbinlog mysql-bin.000001   -o 3 -r result-file 首先忽略前三个操作,并将日志结果输出到result-file文件中
  • mysqlbinlog相关参数:
 --base64-output[=name]
                      Determine when the output statements should be
                      base64-encoded BINLOG statements: 'never' disables it and
                      works only for binlogs without row-based events;
                      'decode-rows' decodes row events into commented SQL
                      statements if the --verbose option is also given; 'auto'
                      prints base64 only when necessary (i.e., for row-based
                      events and format description events); 'always' prints
                      base64 whenever possible. 'always' is for debugging only
                      and should not be used in a production system. If this
                      argument is not given, the default is 'auto'; if it is
                      given with no argument, 'always' is used.
  --character-sets-dir=name
                      Directory for character set files.
  -d, --database=name List entries for just this database (local log only).
  --debug-check Check memory and open file usage at exit .
  --debug-info Print some debug info at exit.
  -D, --disable-log-bin
                      Disable binary log. This is useful, if you enabled
                      --to-last-log and are sending the output to the same
                      MySQL server. This way you could avoid an endless loop.
                      You would also like to use it when restoring after a
                      crash to avoid duplication of the statements you already
                      have. NOTE: you will need a SUPER privilege to use this
                      option.
  -F, --force-if-open Force if binlog was not closed properly.
  -f, --force-read Force reading unknown binlog events.
  -H, --hexdump Augment output with hexadecimal and ASCII event dump.
  -h, --host=name Get the binlog from server.
  -l, --local-load=name
                      Prepare local temporary files for LOAD DATA INFILE in the
                      specified directory.
  -o, --offset=# Skip the first N entries.
  -p, --password[=name]
                      Password to connect to remote server.
  -P, --port=# Port number to use for connection or 0 for default to, in
                      order of preference, my.cnf, $MYSQL_TCP_PORT,
                      /etc/services, built-in default (3306).
  --position=# Deprecated. Use --start-position instead.
  --protocol=name The protocol to use for connection (tcp, socket, pipe,
                      memory).
  -R, --read-from-remote-server
                      Read binary logs from a MySQL server.
  -r, --result-file=name
                      Direct output to a given file.
  --server-id=# Extract only binlog entries created by the server having
                      the given id.
  --set-charset=name Add 'SET NAMES character_set' to the output.
  -s, --short-form Just show regular queries: no extra info and no row-based
                      events. This is for testing only, and should not be used
                      in production systems. If you want to suppress
                      base64-output, consider using --base64-output=never
                      instead.
  -S, --socket=name The socket file to use for connection.
  --start-datetime=name
                      Start reading the binlog at first event having a datetime
                      equal or posterior to the argument; the argument must be
                      a date and time in the local time zone, in any format
                      accepted by the MySQL server for DATETIME and TIMESTAMP
                      types, for example: 2004-12-25 11:25:56 (you should
                      probably use quotes for your shell to set it properly).
  -j, --start-position=#
                      Start reading the binlog at position N. Applies to the
                      first binlog passed on the command line.
  --stop-datetime=name
                      Stop reading the binlog at first event having a datetime
                      equal or posterior to the argument; the argument must be
                      a date and time in the local time zone, in any format
                      accepted by the MySQL server for DATETIME and TIMESTAMP
                      types, for example: 2004-12-25 11:25:56 (you should
                      probably use quotes for your shell to set it properly).
  --stop-position=# Stop reading the binlog at position N. Applies to the
                      last binlog passed on the command line.
  -t, --to-last-log Requires -R. Will not stop at the end of the requested
                      binlog but rather continue printing until the end of the
                      last binlog of the MySQL server. If you send the output
                      to the same MySQL server, that may lead to an endless
                      loop.
  -u, --user=name Connect to the remote server as username.
  -v, --verbose Reconstruct SQL statements out of row events. -v -v adds
                      comments on column data types.
  -V, --version Print version and exit.
  --open_files_limit=#
                      Used to reserve file descriptors for use by this program.

  • 在使用mysqlbinlog查看二进制日志时会出现mysqlbinlog: unknown variable 'default-character-set=utf8'
解决办法:
1、mysqlbinlog --no-defaults mysql-bin.000001
2、修改my.cnf   #default-character-set=utf8   因为mysqlbinlog会重新从my.cnf中读取,不是从内存中读取,使用完毕之后,再修改过来即可
  • 日志文件的删除:
1、设置缓存时间 logs_expire_date=?
2、使用purge命令删除指定时间之前的日志或指定编号之前的日志:  purge master logs to  '某个时间点'  | '某个文件的编号之前'
3、reset master;

可以通过 binlog-db-db=数据库名称 来设置哪些数据库需要写入日志
binlog-ignore-log=数据库名称 来设置哪些数据库不需要写入日志


  • mysql权限管理

用户登陆mysql时,mysql会对连接的用户进行身份验证,并对通过验证的用户赋予对应的权限

 mysql权限主要存在于user db host tables_priv  columns_priv 表中
当用户访问mysql时,其所属权限的加载顺序为:user--->db--->tables_priv--->columns_priv
如果user中INSERT权限设置为Y,则用户拥有全局的INSERT权限
若user中INSERT权限设置为N,mysql会通过db表查询用是否拥有某个数据库的INSERT权限,
若db中INSERT权限为N,mysql或通过tables_priv表查询用户是否拥有某个表的插入权限,

创建用户,并分配权限:
    grant select on *.* to root@localhost identified by 'password' with grant option;
回收用户权限
    revoke select on *.* from root@localhost;
向用户授予数据库test的car_info表的索引权限
    grant INDEX on test.car_info to cyberton_admin@localhost;
查看用户权限
    show grants for cyberton_admin@localhost;
修改用户密码
   grant usage on *.* TO 'cyberton_admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123456789';
或update user set password = password('123456') where user = 'cyberton_admin';flush privileges;
或 SET PASSWORD FOR cyberton_admin@localhost = PASSWORD('123456');
删除用户
    drop user cyberton_admin@localhost;
或回收用户权限
  • mysql安全问题
严格控制操作系统账号和权限
避免以root权限运行
防止DNS欺骗   user表中host字段尽量使用IP地址,而不是域名
删除匿名账号(密码为空字符)
只授予账号必须的权限
除root外,任何用户不应有user表的存取权限
REVOKE命令漏洞   当用户被多次授予权限时,通过revoke all privileges 并不能回收权限,需要分别回收
了解my.cnf下和安全相关的一些参数,safe-user-create

  • mysql中常用工具

执行选项:
-e , --EXECUTE=NAME   执行sql语句并退出
mysql -uroot -p cyberton -e "select * from user";

格式化选项:
-E,--vertical ,输出方式按照字段顺序垂直显示
-s ,--slient,去掉显示中的线条框  mysql -s -uroot -p;  

错误处理选项:
-f , --force   强制执行sql
-v,  --verbose  显示更多信息
--show-warnings 显示警告信息

数据库压缩
myisampack table-name; 压缩只适用于MyISAM数据库,压缩后的数据库只支持查询功能

mysqlbinlog 日志管理工具

mysqlcheck工具用于检测和修复MyISAM数据库
-c , --check 检查表
-r , --repair 修复表
-a ,-- analyze 分析表
-o ,--optimize 优化表
mysqlcheck -uroot -p cyberton -c 检查cyberton数据库

mysqldump数据库导出工具

mysqlshow 用于查看数据库信息
查看数据库和表的统计信息
mysqlshow -uroot -p --count;未指定数据库
mysqlshow -uroot -p cyberton --count;指定数据库

查看数据库中的表的状态信息
mysqlshow -uroot -p cyberton car_info -i

查看数据库中的表的索引信息
mysqlshow -uroot -p cyberton car_info -k

mysqlhotcopy 用于快速备份MyISAM数据库

perror 50  用于查看错误代码

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