#!/bin/sh符号#!用来告诉系统它后面的参数是用来执行该文件的程序。在这个例子中我们使用/bin/sh来执行程序。
#!/bin/sh #对变量赋值: a="hello world" # 现在打印变量a的内容: echo "A is:" echo $a在您的编辑器中输入以上内容,然后将其保存为一个文件first。之后执行chmod +x first 使其可执行,最后输入./first执行该脚本。
3. Shell命令和流程控制
3.1 在shell脚本中可以使用三类命令:#!/bin/sh # The ticks are backticks (`) not normal quotes (): tar -zcvf lastmod.tar.gz `find . -mtime -1 -type f -print`
#!/bin/sh if [ "$SHELL" = "/bin/bash" ]; then echo "your login shell is the bash (bourne again shell)" else echo "your login shell is not bash but $SHELL" fi变量$SHELL包含了登录shell的名称,我们和/bin/bash进行了比较。
#!/bin/sh mailfolder=/var/spool/mail/james [ -r "$mailfolder" ] { echo "Can not read $mailfolder"exit 1; } echo "$mailfolder has mail from:" grep "^From " $mailfolder该脚本首先判断mailfolder是否可读。如果可读则打印该文件中的"From" 一行。如果不可读则或操作生效,打印错误信息后脚本退出。这里有个问题,那就是我们必须有两个命令:
#!/bin/sh ftype=`file "$1"` case "$ftype" in "$1: Zip archive"*) unzip "$1" "$1: gzip compressed"*) gunzip "$1" "$1: bzip2 compressed"*) bunzip2 "$1" *) error "File $1 can not be uncompressed with smartzip";; esac您可能注意到我们在这里使用了一个特殊的变量$1。该变量包含了传递给该程序的第一个参数值。也就是说,当我们运行:
#!/bin/sh echo "What is your favourite OS?" select var in "Linux" "Gnu Hurd" "Free BSD" "Other"; do break done echo "You have selected $var"下面是该脚本运行的结果:
#!/bin/sh for var in A B Cdo echo "var is $var" done下面是一个更为有用的脚本showrpm,其功能是打印一些RPM包的统计信息:
#!/bin/sh # list a content summary of a number of RPM packages # USAGE: showrpm rpmfile1 rpmfile2 ... # EXAMPLE: showrpm /cdrom/RedHat/RPMS/*.rpm for rpmpackage in $*; do if [ -r "$rpmpackage" ];then echo "=============== $rpmpackage ==============" rpm -qi -p $rpmpackage else echo "ERROR: cannot read file $rpmpackage" fi done这里出现了第二个特殊的变量$*,该变量包含了所有输入的命令行参数值。如果您运行 showrpm openssh.rpm w3m.rpm webgrep.rpm
#!/bin/sh echo *.jpg这将打印出"mail.jpg tux.jpg"的结果。
#!/bin/sh echo "*.jpg" echo '*.jpg'这将打印"*.jpg" 两次。
#!/bin/sh echo $SHELL echo "$SHELL" echo '$SHELL'运行结果为:
#!/bin/sh # we have less than 3 arguments. Print the help text: if [ $# -lt 3 ]then cat <<HELP ren -- renames a number of files using sed regular expressions USAGE: ren regexp replacement files... EXAMPLE: rename all *.HTM files in *.html: ren HTM$ html *.HTM HELP exit 0 fi OLD="$1" NEW="$2" # The shift command removes one argument from the list of # command line arguments. shift shift # $* contains now all the files: for file in $*; do if [ -f "$file" ]then newfile=`echo "$file" | sed "s/${OLD}/${NEW}/g"` if [ -f "$newfile" ]; then echo "ERROR: $newfile exists already" else echo "renaming $file to $newfile ..." mv "$file" "$newfile" fi fi done这是一个复杂一些的例子。让我们详细讨论一下。第一个if表达式判断输入命令行参数是否小于3个 (特殊变量$# 表示包含参数的个数) 。如果输入参数小于3个,则将帮助文字传递给cat命令,然后由cat命令将其打印在屏幕上。打印帮助文字后程序退出。如果输入参数等于或大于3个,我们就将第一个参数赋值给变量OLD,第二个参数赋值给变量NEW。下一步,我们使用shift命令将第一个和第二个参数从参数列表中删除,这样原来的第三个参数就成为参数列表$*的第一个参数。然后我们开始循环,命令行参数列表被一个接一个地被赋值给变量$file。接着我们判断该文件是否存在,如果存在则通过sed命令搜索和替换来产生新的文件名。然后将反短斜线内命令结果赋值给newfile。这样我们就达到了我们的目的:得到了旧文件名和新文件名。然后使用mv命令进行重命名。
#!/bin/sh # vim: set sw=4 ts=4 et: help() { cat <<HELP xtitlebar -- change the name of an xterm, gnome-terminal or kde konsole USAGE: xtitlebar [-h] "string_for_titelbar" OPTIONS: -h help text EXAMPLE: xtitlebar "cvs" HELP exit 0 } # in case of error or if -h is given we call the function help: [ -z "$1" ] && help [ "$1" = "-h" ] && help # send the escape sequence to change the xterm titelbar: echo -e "33]0;$107" #在脚本中提供帮助是一种很好的编程习惯,这样方便其他用户(和您)使用和理解脚本。命令行参数
#!/bin/sh help() { cat <<HELP This is a generic command line parser demo. USAGE EXAMPLE: cmdparser -l hello -f -- -somefile1 somefile2 HELP exit 0 } while [ -n "$1" ]; do case $1 in -h) help;shift 1;; # function help is called -f) opt_f=1;shift 1;; # variable opt_f is set -l) opt_l=$2;shift 2;; # -l takes an argument -> shift by 2 --) shift;break;; # end of options -*) echo "error: no such option $1. -h for help";exit 1;; *) break;; esac done echo "opt_f is $opt_f" echo "opt_l is $opt_l" echo "first arg is $1" echo "2nd arg is $2"您可以这样运行该脚本:
#!/bin/sh # vim: set sw=4 ts=4 et: help() { cat <<HELP b2h -- convert binary to decimal USAGE: b2h [-h] binarynum OPTIONS: -h help text EXAMPLE: b2h 111010 will return 58 HELP exit 0 } error() { # print an error and exit echo "$1" exit 1 } lastchar() { # return the last character of a string in $rval if [ -z "$1" ]; then # empty string rval="" return fi # wc puts some space behind the output this is why we need sed: numofchar=`echo -n "$1" | wc -c | sed s/ //g ` # now cut out the last char rval=`echo -n "$1" | cut -b $numofchar` } chop() { # remove the last character in string and return it in $rval if [ -z "$1" ]; then # empty string rval="" return fi # wc puts some space behind the output this is why we need sed: numofchar=`echo -n "$1" | wc -c | sed s/ //g ` if [ "$numofchar" = "1" ]; then # only one char in string rval="" return fi numofcharminus1=`expr $numofchar "-" 1` # now cut all but the last char: rval=`echo -n "$1" | cut -b 0-${numofcharminus1}` } while [ -n "$1" ]; do case $1 in -h) help;shift 1;; # function help is called --) shift;break;; # end of options -*) error "error: no such option $1. -h for help";; *) break;; esac done # The main program sum=0 weight=1 # one arg must be given: [ -z "$1" ] && help binnum="$1" binnumorig="$1" while [ -n "$binnum" ]; do lastchar "$binnum" if [ "$rval" = "1" ]; then sum=`expr "$weight" "+" "$sum"` fi # remove the last position in $binnum chop "$binnum" binnum="$rval" weight=`expr "$weight" "*" 2` done echo "binary $binnumorig is decimal $sum"该脚本使用的算法是利用十进制和二进制数权值 (1,2,4,8,16,..),比如二进制"10"可以这样转换成十进制:
#!/bin/sh # vim: set sw=4 ts=4 et: ver="0.1" help() { cat <<HELP rotatefile -- rotate the file name USAGE: rotatefile [-h] filename OPTIONS: -h help text EXAMPLE: rotatefile out This will e.g rename out.2 to out.3, out.1 to out.2, out to out.1 and create an empty out-file The max number is 10 version $ver HELP exit 0 } error() { echo "$1" exit 1 } while [ -n "$1" ]; do case $1 in -h) help;shift 1;; --) break;; -*) echo "error: no such option $1. -h for help";exit 1;; *) break;; esac done # input check: if [ -z "$1" ]then error "ERROR: you must specify a file, use -h for help" fi filen="$1" # rename any .1 , .2 etc file&: for n in 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1; do if [ -f "$filen.$n" ]; then p=`expr $n + 1` echo "mv $filen.$n $filen.$p" mv $filen.$n $filen.$p fi done # rename the original file&: if [ -f "$filen" ]; then echo "mv $filen $filen.1" mv $filen $filen.1 fi echo touch $filen touch $filen这个脚本是如何工作的呢?在检测用户提供了一个文件名以后,我们进行一个9到1的循环。文件9被命名为10,文件8重命名为9等等。循环完成之后,我们将原始文件命名为文件1同时建立一个与原始文件同名的空文件。
这将返回所有语法错误。