Oracle基础

oracle初学

1. Oracle安装完成后的初始口令? 

   internal/oracle 

  sys/change_on_install 

  system/manager 

  scott/tiger 

  sysman/oem_temp 

2. oracle中的裸设备指的是什么? 

裸设备就是绕过文件系统直接访问的储存空间。

3. 请问如何分辨某个用户是从哪台机器登陆ORACLE的? 

SELECT machine , terminal FROM V$SESSION;

4. 用什么语句查询字段呢? 

desc table_name 可以查询表的结构 

select field_name,... from ...可以查询字段的值 

select * from all_tables where table_name like '%' 

select * from all_tab_columns where table_name='??

5. 怎样得到触发器、过程、函数的创建脚本? 

desc user_source 

user_triggers 

6. 怎样计算一个表占用的空间的大小? 

select owner,table_name, 

NUM_ROWS, 

BLOCKS*AAA/1024/1024 "Size M", 

EMPTY_BLOCKS, 

LAST_ANALYZED 

from dba_tables 

where table_name='XXX';

Here: AAA is the value of db_block_size ; 

XXX is the table name you want to check 

7. 如何查看最大会话数? 

SELECT * FROM V$PARAMETER WHERE NAME LIKE 'proc%'; 

SQL> 

SQL> show parameter processes 

NAME TYPE VALUE 

------------------------------------ ------- ------------------------------ 

aq_tm_processes integer 1 

db_writer_processes integer 1 

job_queue_processes integer 4 

log_archive_max_processes integer 1 

processes integer 200 

这里为200个用户。 

select * from v$license; 

其中sessions_highwater纪录曾经到达的最大会话数。 

8. 如何查看系统被锁的事务时间? 

select * from v$locked_object ; 

9. 如何以archivelog的方式运行oracle 

init.ora 

log_archive_start = true 

RESTART DATABASE 

10. 怎么获取有哪些用户在使用数据库? 

select username from v$session; 

11. 数据表中的字段最大数是多少? 

表或视图中的最大列数为 1000 

12. 怎样查得数据库的SID 

select name from v$database; 

也可以直接查看 init.ora文件。 

13. 如何在Oracle服务器上通过SQLPLUS查看本机IP地址? 

select sys_context('userenv','ip_address') from dual; 

如果是登陆本机数据库,只能返回127.0.0.1 

14. ORACLE TABLE中如何抓取MEMO类型栏位为空的资料记录?

select remark from oms_flowrec where trim(' ' from remark) is not null ; 

15. 如何用BBB表的资料去更新AAA表的资料(有关联的字段) 

UPDATE AAA SET BNS_SNM=(SELECT BNS_SNM FROM BBB

WHERE AAA.DPT_NO=BBB.DPT_NO) W 

HERE BBB.DPT_NO IS NOT NULL; 

16. 何查询每个用户的权限? 

SELECT * FROM DBA_SYS_PRIVS; 

17. 如何将表移动表空间? 

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME MOVE TABLESPACE_NAME; 

18. 如何将索引移动表空间? 

ALTER INDEX INDEX_NAME REBUILD TABLESPACE TABLESPACE_NAME; 

19. 查询锁的状况的对象有? 

V$LOCK, V$LOCKED_OBJECT, V$SESSION, V$SQLARE

A, V$PROCESS ; 

20. 如何解锁? 

ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION ‘SID,SERIR#’; 

21. SQLPLUS下如何修改编辑器? 

DEFINE _EDITOR="<编辑器的完整路经>" --必须加上双引号 

来定义新的编辑器,也可以把这个写在$ORACLE_HOME/sqlplus/admin/glogin.sql里面使它永久有效。 

22. ORACLE产生随机函数是? 

DBMS_RANDOM.RANDOM 

23. 查询当前用户对像? 

SELECT * FROM USER_OBJECTS; 

SELECT * FROM DBA_SEGMENTS; 

24. 如何获取错误信息? 

SELECT * FROM USER_ERRORS; 

25. 如何获取链接状况? 

SELECT * FROM DBA_DB_LINKS; 

26. 查看数据库字符状况? 

SELECT * FROM NLS_DATABASE_PARAMETERS; 

SELECT * FROM V$NLS_PARAMETERS; 

27.. 如何给表、列加注释? 

SQL>comment on table is '表注释'; 

注释已创建。 

SQL>comment on column. is '列注释'; 

注释已创建。 

SQL> select * from user_tab_comments where comments is not null; 

28. 如何查看各个表空间占用磁盘情况? 

SQL> col tablespace format a20 

SQL> select 

b.file_id 文件ID

b.tablespace_name 表空间名

b.bytes 字节数

(b.bytes-sum(nvl(a.bytes,0)))已使用

sum(nvl(a.bytes,0)) 剩余空间

sum(nvl(a.bytes,0))/(b.bytes)*100剩余百分比 

from dba_free_space a,dba_data_files b 

where a.file_id=b.file_id 

group by b.tablespace_name,b.file_id,b.bytes 

order by b.file_id 

29. 如何才能得知系统当前的SCN号? 

select max(ktuxescnw * power(2, 32) + ktuxescnb) from x$ktuxe; 

30. 如何在字符串里加回车? 

select 'Welcome to visit'||chr(10)||'www.CSDN.NET' from dual ; 

31. 如何改变WINSQL*Plus启动选项? 

SQL*PLUS自身的选项设置,可以在$ORACLE_HOME/sqlplus/admin/glogin.sql中设置。 

32. 怎样修改oracel数据库的默认日期? 

alter session set nls_date_format='yyyymmddhh24miss'; 

OR 

可以在init.ora中加上一行 

nls_date_format='yyyymmddhh24miss' 

33. 如何使select语句使查询结果自动生成序号?

select rownum,COL from table;

34. 如何知道数据裤中某个表所在的tablespace

select tablespace_name from user_tables where table_name='TEST';

select * from user_tables中有个字段TABLESPACE_NAME,(oracle;

select * from dba_segments where …;

35. 怎么在sqlplus下修改procedure

select line,trim(text) t from user_source where name =’A’ order by line;

36.. 请问如何修改一张表的主键?

alter table aaa

drop constraint aaa_key ;

alter table aaa

add constraint aaa_key primary key(a1,b1) ;

37. 改变数据文件的大小?

ALTER DATABASE .... DATAFILE .... ;

手工改变数据文件的大小,对于原来的数据文件有没有损害。

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38. 怎么可以看到数据库有多少个tablespace

select * from dba_tablespaces;

39. 如何修改oracle数据库的用户连接数?

修改initSID.ora,将process加大,重启数据库。

40. 怎样把“&”放入一条记录中?

insert into a values (translate ('at{&}t','at{}','at'));

41. 怎样查看哪些用户拥有SYSDBASYSOPER权限?

SQL>conn sys/change_on_install

SQL>select * from V_$PWFILE_USERS;

42. 如何单独备份一个或多个表?

exp 用户/密码 tables=(1,,2)

43. 如何单独备份一个或多个用户?

exp system/manager owner=(用户1,用户2,,用户n) file=导出文件

44. 如何对CLOB字段进行全文检索?

SELECT * FROM A WHERE dbms_lob.instr(a.a,'K',1,1)>0;

45. 如何显示当前连接用户?

SHOW USER

46. 如何查看数据文件放置的路径?

col file_name format a50

SQL> select tablespace_name,file_id,bytes/1024/1024,file_name from dba_data_fi

les order by file_id;

47. 如何查看现有回滚段及其状态?

SQL> col segment format a30

SQL> SELECT SEGMENT_NAME,OWNER,TABLESPACE_NAME,SEGMENT_ID,FILE_ID,STATUS FROM

DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS

48. 如何改变一个字段初始定义的Check范围?

SQL> alter table xxx drop constraint constraint_name;

之后再创建新约束:

SQL> alter table xxx add constraint constraint_name check();

49. Oracle常用系统文件有哪些?

通过以下视图显示这些文件信息:

v$database,v$datafile,v$logfile v$controlfile v$ parameter;  

50. 什么是内连接INNER JOIN

Select a.* from bsempms a,bsdptms b where a.dpt_no=b.dpt_no;

51. 如何外连接?

Select a.* from bsempms a,bsdptms b where a.dpt_no=b.dpt_no(+);

Select a.* from bsempms a,bsdptms b wherea.dpt_no(+)=b.dpt_no;

52. 如何执行脚本SQL文件?

SQL>@$PATH/filename.sql;

53. 如何快速清空一个大表?

SQL>truncate table table_name;

54. 如何查有多少个数据库实例?

SQL>SELECT * FROM V$INSTANCE;

55. 如何查询数据库有多少表?

SQL>select * from all_tables;

56. 如何测试SQL语句执行所用的时间?

SQL>set timing on ;

SQL>select * from tablename;

57. CHR()的反函数是?

ASCII()

SELECT CHAR(65) FROM DUAL;

SELECT ASCII('A') FROM DUAL;

58. 如何实现字符串的连接

SELECT CONCAT(COL1,COL2) FROM TABLE ;

SELECT COL1||COL2 FROM TABLE ;

59. 怎么把select出来的结果导到一个文本文件中?

SQL>SPOOL C:\ABCD.TXT;

SQL>select * from table;

SQL >spool off; 

60. 怎样估算SQL执行的I/O数?

SQL>SET AUTOTRACE ON ;

SQL>SELECT * FROM TABLE;

OR

SQL>SELECT * FROM v$filestat ;

可以查看IO数。

61. 如何在sqlplus下改变字段大小?

alter table table_name modify (field_name varchar2(100));

改大行,改小不行(除非都是空的)。

62. 如何查询某天的数据?

select * from table_name where trunc(日期字段)to_date('2003-05-02','yyyy-mm-

dd');

63. sql 语句如何插入全年日期?

create table BSYEAR (d date);

insert into BSYEAR

select to_date('20030101','yyyymmdd')+rownum-1

from all_objects

where rownum <= to_char(to_date('20031231','yyyymmdd'),'ddd');

65. 如果修改表名?

alter table old_table_name rename to new_table_name;

66. 如何取得命令的返回状态值?

sqlcode=0

67. 如何知道用户拥有的权限?

SELECT * FROM dba_sys_privs ;

68. 如何搜索出前N条记录?

Select * FROM empLOYEE Where ROWNUM < n

orDER BY empno

69. 如何知道机器上的Oracle支持多少并发用户数?

SQL>conn internal

SQL>show parameter processes

70. 如何统计两个表的记录总数?

select (select count(id) from aa)+(select count(id) from bb)总数 from dual

71. 怎样用Sql语句实现查找一列中第N大值?

select * from

(select t.*dense_rank() over (order by sal) rank from employee)

where rank = N

71. 如何在给现有的日期加上2年?(

select add_months(sysdate24) from dual

72. 怎样扩大REDO LOG的大小?

建立一个临时的redolog组,然后切换日志,删除以前的日志,建立新的日志。

73. 如何不同用户间数据导入?

IMP SYSTEM/MANAGER FILE=AA.DMP

FROMUSER=USER_OLD TOUSER=USER_NEW ROWS=Y INDEXES=Y

74. 如何找数据库表的主键字段的名称?

SQL>Select * FROM user_constraints

Where CONSTRAINT_TYPE='P' and table_name='TABLE_NAME'

75. 两个结果集互加的函数?

SQL>Select * FROM BSEMPMS_OLD INTERSECT Select * FROM BSEMPMS_NEW

SQL>Select * FROM BSEMPMS_OLD UNION Select * FROM BSEMPMS_NEW

SQL>Select * FROM BSEMPMS_OLD UNION ALL Select * FROM BSEMPMS_NEW

76. 两个结果集互减的函数?

SQL>Select * FROM BSEMPMS_OLD MINUS Select * FROM BSEMPMS_NEW

77.  N秒转换为时分秒格式?

set serverout on

declare

N number = 1000000

ret varchar2(100)

begin

ret = trunc(n/3600) || '小时' || to_char(to_date(mod(n,3600),'sssss'),'fmmi" "ss""')

dbms_output.put_line(ret)

end

78 如何查询做比较大的排序的进程?

Select b.tablespace, b.segfile#, b.segblk#, b.blocks, a.sid, a.serial#, a.username, a.osuser,

a.status

FROM v$session a,v$sort_usage b

Where a.saddr = b.session_addr

orDER BY b.tablespace, b.segfile#, b.segblk#, b.blocks

79. 如何查询做比较大的排序的进程的SQL语句?

select /*+ orDERED */ sql_text from v$sqltext a

where a.hash_value = (

select sql_hash_value from v$session b

where b.sid = &sid and b.serial# = &serial)

order by piece asc

80. 如何查找重复记录?

Select * FROM TABLE_NAME

Where ROWID!=(Select MAX(ROWID) FROM TABLE_NAME D

Where TABLE_NAME.COL1=D.COL1 AND TABLE_NAME.COL2=D.COL2)

81. 如何删除重复记录?

Delete FROM TABLE_NAME

Where ROWID!=(Select MAX(ROWID) FROM TABLE_NAME D

Where TABLE_NAME.COL1=D.COL1 AND TABLE_NAME.COL2=D.COL2)

82. 如何快速编译所有视图?

SQL >SPOOL VIEW1.SQL

SQL >Select ‘Alter VIEW ‘||TNAME||’

COMPILE;’ FROM TAB

SQL >SPOOL OFF

然后执行VIEW1.SQL即可。

SQL >@VIEW1.SQL

83. 如何加密ORACLE的存储过程?

下列存储过程内容放在AA.SQL文件中

create or replace procedure testCCB(i in number) as

begin

dbms_output.put_line('输入参数是'||to_char(i))

end

SQL>wrap iname=a.sql

PL/SQL Wrapper Release 8.1.7.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 27 222648 2001

Copyright (c) oracle Corporation 1993, 2000. All Rights Reserved

Processing AA.sql to AA.plb

运行AA.plb

SQL> @AA.plb

84. 如何监控事例的等待?

select event,sum(decode(wait_Time,0,0,1)) "Prev",

sum(decode(wait_Time,0,1,0)) "Curr",count(*) "Tot"

from v$session_Wait

group by event order by 4

85. 如何回滚段的争用情况?

select name, waits, gets, waits/gets "Ratio"

from v$rollstat C, v$rollname D

where C.usn = D.usn

86. 如何监控表空间的 I/O比例?

select B.tablespace_name name, B.file_name "file", A.phyrds pyr,

A.phyblkrd pbr, A.phywrts pyw, A.phyblkwrt pbw

from v$filestat A, dba_data_files B

where A.file# = B.file_id

order by B.tablespace_name

87. 如何监控文件系统的 I/O比例?

select substr(C.file#,1,2) "#", substr(C.name,1,30) "Name", C.status, C.bytes, D.phyrds,

D.phywrts

from v$datafile C, v$filestat D

where C.file# = D.file#

88. 如何在某个用户下找所有的索引?

select user_indexes.table_name, user_indexes.index_name,uniqueness, column_name

from user_ind_columns, user_indexes

where user_ind_columns.index_name = user_indexes.index_name

and user_ind_columns.table_name = user_indexes.table_name

order by user_indexes.table_type, user_indexes.table_name,

user_indexes.index_name, column_position

89. 如何监控 SGA的命中率?

select a.value + b.value "logical_reads", c.value "phys_reads",

round(100 * ((a.value+b.value)-c.value) / (a.value+b.value)) "BUFFER HIT RATIO"

from v$sysstat a, v$sysstat b, v$sysstat c

where a.statistic# = 38 and b.statistic# = 39

and c.statistic# = 40

90. 如何监控 SGA中字典缓冲区的命中率?

select parameter, gets,Getmisses , getmisses/(gets+getmisses)*100 "miss ratio",

(1-(sum(getmisses)/ (sum(gets)+sum(getmisses))))*100 "Hit ratio"

from v$rowcache

where gets+getmisses <>0

group by parameter, gets, getmisses

91. 如何监控 SGA中共享缓存区的命中率,应该小于1%

select sum(pins) "Total Pins", sum(reloads) "Total Reloads",

sum(reloads)/sum(pins) *100 libcache

from v$librarycache

select sum(pinhits-reloads)/sum(pins) "hit radio",sum(reloads)/sum(pins) "reload percent"

from v$librarycache

92. 如何显示所有数据库对象的类别和大小?

select count(name) num_instances ,type ,sum(source_size) source_size ,

sum(parsed_size) parsed_size ,sum(code_size) code_size ,sum(error_size) error_size,

sum(source_size) +sum(parsed_size) +sum(code_size) +sum(error_size) size_required

from dba_object_size

group by type order by 2

93. 监控 SGA中重做日志缓存区的命中率,应该小于1%

Select name, gets, misses, immediate_gets, immediate_misses,

Decode(gets,0,0,misses/gets*100) ratio1,

Decode(immediate_gets+immediate_misses,0,0,

immediate_misses/(immediate_gets+immediate_misses)*100) ratio2

FROM v$latch Where name IN ('redo allocation', 'redo copy')

94. 监控内存和硬盘的排序比率,最好使它小于 .10,增加 sort_area_size

Select name, value FROM v$sysstat Where name IN ('sorts (memory)', 'sorts(disk)')

156. 如何监控当前数据库谁在运行什么SQL语句?

Select osuser, username, sql_text from v$session a, v$sqltext b

where a.sql_address =b.address order by address, piece

95. 如何监控字典缓冲区?

Select (SUM(PINS - RELOADS)) / SUM(PINS) "LIB CACHE" FROM V$LIBRARYCACHE

Select (SUM(GETS - GETMISSES - USAGE - FIXED)) / SUM(GETS) "ROW CACHE" FROM V$ROWCACHE

Select SUM(PINS) "EXECUTIONS", SUM(RELOADS) "CACHE MISSES WHILE EXECUTING" FROM V$LIBRARYCACHE

后者除以前者,此比率小于1%,接近0%为好。

Select SUM(GETS) "DICTIONARY GETS",SUM(GETMISSES) "DICTIONARY CACHE GET MISSES"

FROM V$ROWCACHE

96. 如何知道当前用户的ID?

SQL>SHOW USER

SQL>select user from dual

97. 如何查看碎片程度高的表?

Select segment_name table_name , COUNT(*) extents

FROM dba_segments Where owner NOT IN ('SYS', 'SYSTEM') GROUP BY segment_name

HAVING COUNT(*) = (Select MAX( COUNT(*) ) FROM dba_segments GROUP BY segment_name)

98. 如何知道表在表空间中的存储情况?

select segment_name,sum(bytes),count(*) ext_quan from dba_extents where

tablespace_name='&tablespace_name' and segment_type='TABLE' group by tablespace_name,segment_name

99. 如何知道索引在表空间中的存储情况?

select segment_name,count(*) from dba_extents

where segment_type='INDEX' and owner='&owner'

group by segment_name

100. 如何获取时间点的秒的写法?

Select TO_CHAR(SYSDATE'SS') FROM DUAL

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