设计模式之观察者模式(Observer)

  Java深入到一定程度,就不可避免的碰到设计模式(design pattern)这一概念,了解设计模式,将使自己对java中的接口或抽象类应用有更深的理解.设计模式在java的中型系统中应用广泛,遵循一定的编程模式,才能使自己的代码便于理解,易于交流,Observer(观察者)模式是比较常用的一个模式,尤其在界面设计中应用广泛,而本站所关注的是Java在电子商务系统中应用,因此想从电子商务实例中分析Observer的应用.

  虽然网上商店形式多样,每个站点有自己的特色,但也有其一般的共性,单就"商品的变化,以便及时通知订户"这一点,是很多网上商店共有的模式,这一模式类似Observer patern观察者模式.具体的说,如果网上商店中商品在名称 价格等方面有变化,如果系统能自动通知会员,将是网上商店区别传统商店的一大特色.这就需要在商品product中加入Observer这样角色,以便product细节发生变化时,Observer能自动观察到这种变化,并能进行及时的update或notify动作.

 

Java的API还为为我们提供现成的Observer接口Java.util.Observer.我们只要直接使用它就可以.

我们必须extends Java.util.Observer才能真正使用它:
1.提供Add/Delete observer的方法;
2.提供通知(notisfy) 所有observer的方法;

产品类

public class product extends Observable{

　　private String name;

　　public String getName(){ return name;}
　　public void setName(String name){
　　this.name=name;
　　notifyObservers(name);
　　}　　　
}

  

观察者

public class NameObserver implements Observer{

　　private String name=null;

　　public void update(Observable obj,Object arg){
　　　　if (arg instanceof String){
　　　　 name=(String)arg;
　　　　 //产品名称改变值在name中
　　　　 System.out.println("NameObserver :name changet to "+name);
　　　　}
　　}
}

  

 

客户端

public class Test extends TestCase{
　　public void tesObserver(){ 
      Product product=new Product(); 
      NameObserver nameobs=new NameObserver(); 
      //加入观察者
      product.addObserver(nameobs); 
      product.setName("橘子红了");
　　}
}

   

   

Observable.java

/*
* @(#)Observable.java 1.35 03/01/23
*
* Copyright 2003 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
* SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*/
package java.util;
/**
* This class represents an observable object, or "data"
* in the model-view paradigm. It can be subclassed to represent an
* object that the application wants to have observed.
* <p>
* An observable object can have one or more observers. An observer
* may be any object that implements interface <tt>Observer</tt>. After an
* observable instance changes, an application calling the
* <code>Observable</code>'s <code>notifyObservers</code> method
* causes all of its observers to be notified of the change by a call
* to their <code>update</code> method.
* <p>
* The order in which notifications will be delivered is unspecified.
* The default implementation provided in the Observerable class will
* notify Observers in the order in which they registered interest, but
* subclasses may change this order, use no guaranteed order, deliver
* notifications on separate threads, or may guarantee that their
* subclass follows this order, as they choose.
* <p>
* Note that this notification mechanism is has nothing to do with threads
* and is completely separate from the <tt>wait</tt> and <tt>notify</tt>
* mechanism of class <tt>Object</tt>.
* <p>
* When an observable object is newly created, its set of observers is
* empty. Two observers are considered the same if and only if the
* <tt>equals</tt> method returns true for them.
*
* @author Chris Warth * @version 1.35, 01/23/03
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
* @see java.util.Observer
* @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
* @since JDK1.0 */
public class Observable {
private boolean changed = false;
private Vector obs;

/** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */
public Observable() {
obs = new Vector();
}
/**
* Adds an observer to the set of observers for this object, provided
* that it is not the same as some observer already in the set.
* The order in which notifications will be delivered to multiple
* observers is not specified. See the class comment.
*
* @param o an observer to be added.
* @throws NullPointerException if the parameter o is null.
*/
public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {
if (o == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
if (!obs.contains(o)) {
obs.addElement(o);
}
}
/**
* Deletes an observer from the set of observers of this object.
*
* @param o the observer to be deleted.
*/
public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {
obs.removeElement(o);
}
/**
* If this object has changed, as indicated by the
* <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
* and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to
* indicate that this object has no longer changed.
* <p>
* Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
* arguments: this observable object and <code>null</code>. In other
* words, this method is equivalent to:
* <blockquote><tt>
* notifyObservers(null)</tt></blockquote>
*
* @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
* @see java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
* @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
*/
public void notifyObservers() {
notifyObservers(null);
}
/**
* If this object has changed, as indicated by the
* <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
* and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to indicate
* that this object has no longer changed.
* <p>
* Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
* arguments: this observable object and the <code>arg</code> argument.
*
* @param arg any object.
* @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
* @see java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
* @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
*/
public void notifyObservers(Object arg) {
/*
* a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of
* current Observers.
*/
Object[] arrLocal;
synchronized (this) {
/* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into
* arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor.
* The code where we extract each Observable from
* the Vector and store the state of the Observer
* needs synchronization, but notifying observers
* does not (should not). The worst result of any
* potential race-condition here is that:
* 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a
* notification in progress
* 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be
* wrongly notified when it doesn't care
*/
if (!changed)
return;
arrLocal = obs.toArray();
clearChanged();
}
for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)
((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);
}
/**
* Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers.
*/
public synchronized void deleteObservers() {
obs.removeAllElements();
}
/**
* Marks this <tt>Observable</tt> object as having been changed; the
* <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>true</tt>.
*/
protected synchronized void setChanged() {
changed = true;
}
/**
* Indicates that this object has no longer changed, or that it has
* already notified all of its observers of its most recent change,
* so that the <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>false</tt>.
* This method is called automatically by the
* <code>notifyObservers</code> methods.
*
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
*/
protected synchronized void clearChanged() {
changed = false;
}
/**
* Tests if this object has changed.
*
* @return <code>true</code> if and only if the <code>setChanged</code>
* method has been called more recently than the
* <code>clearChanged</code> method on this object;
* <code>false</code> otherwise.
* @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
* @see java.util.Observable#setChanged()
*/
public synchronized boolean hasChanged() {
return changed;
}
/**
* Returns the number of observers of this <tt>Observable</tt> object.
*
* @return the number of observers of this object.
*/
public synchronized int countObservers() {
return obs.size();
}
}

   

   被观察者类product 通过所依赖的父类Observable的public void notifyObservers(Object arg)方法来调用观察者类的update方法。