AVpacket AVframe
来自http://blog.csdn.net/leixiaohua1020/article/details/14214577的博客
AVFrame：（ This structure describes decoded (raw) audio or video data. AVFrame must be allocated using av_frame_alloc(). Note that this only allocates the AVFrame itself, the buffers for the data must be managed through other means (see below). AVFrame must be freed with av_frame_free().）
typedef struct AVFrame {
#define AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS 8
/**
* pointer to the picture/channel planes.
* This might be different from the first allocated byte
*
* Some decoders access areas outside 0,0 - width,height, please
* see avcodec_align_dimensions2(). Some filters and swscale can read
* up to 16 bytes beyond the planes, if these filters are to be used,
* then 16 extra bytes must be allocated.
*/
uint8_t *data[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
/**
* For video, size in bytes of each picture line.
* For audio, size in bytes of each plane.
*
* For audio, only linesize[0] may be set. For planar audio, each channel
* plane must be the same size.
*
* For video the linesizes should be multiplies of the CPUs alignment
* preference, this is 16 or 32 for modern desktop CPUs.
* Some code requires such alignment other code can be slower without
* correct alignment, for yet other it makes no difference.
*
* @note The linesize may be larger than the size of usable data -- there
* may be extra padding present for performance reasons.
*/
int linesize[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
/**
* pointers to the data planes/channels.
*
* For video, this should simply point to data[].
*
* For planar audio, each channel has a separate data pointer, and
* linesize[0] contains the size of each channel buffer.
* For packed audio, there is just one data pointer, and linesize[0]
* contains the total size of the buffer for all channels.
*
* Note: Both data and extended_data should always be set in a valid frame,
* but for planar audio with more channels that can fit in data,
* extended_data must be used in order to access all channels.
*/
uint8_t **extended_data;
/**
* width and height of the video frame
*/
int width, height;
/**
* number of audio samples (per channel) described by this frame
*/
int nb_samples;
/**
* format of the frame, -1 if unknown or unset
* Values correspond to enum AVPixelFormat for video frames,
* enum AVSampleFormat for audio)
*/
int format;
/**
* 1 -> keyframe, 0-> not
*/
int key_frame;
/**
* Picture type of the frame.
*/
enum AVPictureType pict_type;
#if FF_API_AVFRAME_LAVC
attribute_deprecated
uint8_t *base[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
#endif
/**
* Sample aspect ratio for the video frame, 0/1 if unknown/unspecified.
*/
AVRational sample_aspect_ratio;
/**
* Presentation timestamp in time_base units (time when frame should be shown to user).
*/
int64_t pts;
/**
* PTS copied from the AVPacket that was decoded to produce this frame.
*/
int64_t pkt_pts;
/**
* DTS copied from the AVPacket that triggered returning this frame. (if frame threading isn't used)
* This is also the Presentation time of this AVFrame calculated from
* only AVPacket.dts values without pts values.
*/
int64_t pkt_dts;
/**
* picture number in bitstream order
*/
int coded_picture_number;
/**
* picture number in display order
*/
int display_picture_number;
/**
* quality (between 1 (good) and FF_LAMBDA_MAX (bad))
*/
int quality;
#if FF_API_AVFRAME_LAVC
attribute_deprecated
int reference;
/**
* QP table
*/
attribute_deprecated
int8_t *qscale_table;
/**
* QP store stride
*/
attribute_deprecated
int qstride;
attribute_deprecated
int qscale_type;
/**
* mbskip_table[mb]>=1 if MB didn't change
* stride= mb_width = (width+15)>>4
*/
attribute_deprecated
uint8_t *mbskip_table;
/**
* motion vector table
* @code
* example:
* int mv_sample_log2= 4 - motion_subsample_log2;
* int mb_width= (width+15)>>4;
* int mv_stride= (mb_width << mv_sample_log2) + 1;
* motion_val[direction][x + y*mv_stride][0->mv_x, 1->mv_y];
* @endcode
*/
int16_t (*motion_val[2])[2];
/**
* macroblock type table
* mb_type_base + mb_width + 2
*/
attribute_deprecated
uint32_t *mb_type;
/**
* DCT coefficients
*/
attribute_deprecated
short *dct_coeff;
/**
* motion reference frame index
* the order in which these are stored can depend on the codec.
*/
attribute_deprecated
int8_t *ref_index[2];
#endif
/**
* for some private data of the user
*/
void *opaque;
/**
* error
*/
uint64_t error[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
#if FF_API_AVFRAME_LAVC
attribute_deprecated
int type;
#endif
/**
* When decoding, this signals how much the picture must be delayed.
* extra_delay = repeat_pict / (2*fps)
*/
int repeat_pict;
/**
* The content of the picture is interlaced.
*/
int interlaced_frame;
/**
* If the content is interlaced, is top field displayed first.
*/
int top_field_first;
/**
* Tell user application that palette has changed from previous frame.
*/
int palette_has_changed;
#if FF_API_AVFRAME_LAVC
attribute_deprecated
int buffer_hints;
/**
* Pan scan.
*/
attribute_deprecated
struct AVPanScan *pan_scan;
#endif
/**
* reordered opaque 64bit (generally an integer or a double precision float
* PTS but can be anything).
* The user sets AVCodecContext.reordered_opaque to represent the input at
* that time,
* the decoder reorders values as needed and sets AVFrame.reordered_opaque
* to exactly one of the values provided by the user through AVCodecContext.reordered_opaque
* @deprecated in favor of pkt_pts
*/
int64_t reordered_opaque;
#if FF_API_AVFRAME_LAVC
/**
* @deprecated this field is unused
*/
attribute_deprecated void *hwaccel_picture_private;
attribute_deprecated
struct AVCodecContext *owner;
attribute_deprecated
void *thread_opaque;
/**
* log2 of the size of the block which a single vector in motion_val represents:
* (4->16x16, 3->8x8, 2-> 4x4, 1-> 2x2)
*/
uint8_t motion_subsample_log2;
#endif
/**
* Sample rate of the audio data.
*/
int sample_rate;
/**
* Channel layout of the audio data.
*/
uint64_t channel_layout;
/**
* AVBuffer references backing the data for this frame. If all elements of
* this array are NULL, then this frame is not reference counted.
*
* There may be at most one AVBuffer per data plane, so for video this array
* always contains all the references. For planar audio with more than
* AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS channels, there may be more buffers than can fit in
* this array. Then the extra AVBufferRef pointers are stored in the
* extended_buf array.
*/
AVBufferRef *buf[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
/**
* For planar audio which requires more than AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS
* AVBufferRef pointers, this array will hold all the references which
* cannot fit into AVFrame.buf.
*
* Note that this is different from AVFrame.extended_data, which always
* contains all the pointers. This array only contains the extra pointers,
* which cannot fit into AVFrame.buf.
*
* This array is always allocated using av_malloc() by whoever constructs
* the frame. It is freed in av_frame_unref().
*/
AVBufferRef **extended_buf;
/**
* Number of elements in extended_buf.
*/
int nb_extended_buf;
AVFrameSideData **side_data;
int nb_side_data;
/**
* @defgroup lavu_frame_flags AV_FRAME_FLAGS
* Flags describing additional frame properties.
*
* @{
*/
/**
* The frame data may be corrupted, e.g. due to decoding errors.
*/
#define AV_FRAME_FLAG_CORRUPT (1 << 0)
/**
* @}
*/
/**
* Frame flags, a combination of @ref lavu_frame_flags
*/
int flags;
#if FF_API_AVFRAME_COLORSPACE
/**
* MPEG vs JPEG YUV range.
* It must be accessed using av_frame_get_color_range() and
* av_frame_set_color_range().
* - encoding: Set by user
* - decoding: Set by libavcodec
*/
enum AVColorRange color_range;
enum AVColorPrimaries color_primaries;
enum AVColorTransferCharacteristic color_trc;
/**
* YUV colorspace type.
* It must be accessed using av_frame_get_colorspace() and
* av_frame_set_colorspace().
* - encoding: Set by user
* - decoding: Set by libavcodec
*/
enum AVColorSpace colorspace;
enum AVChromaLocation chroma_location;
#endif
/**
* frame timestamp estimated using various heuristics, in stream time base
* Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
* av_frame_get_best_effort_timestamp(frame)
* - encoding: unused
* - decoding: set by libavcodec, read by user.
*/
int64_t best_effort_timestamp;
/**
* reordered pos from the last AVPacket that has been input into the decoder
* Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
* av_frame_get_pkt_pos(frame)
* - encoding: unused
* - decoding: Read by user.
*/
int64_t pkt_pos;
/**
* duration of the corresponding packet, expressed in
* AVStream->time_base units, 0 if unknown.
* Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
* av_frame_get_pkt_duration(frame)
* - encoding: unused
* - decoding: Read by user.
*/
int64_t pkt_duration;
/**
* metadata.
* Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
* av_frame_get_metadata(frame)
* - encoding: Set by user.
* - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
*/
AVDictionary *metadata;
/**
* decode error flags of the frame, set to a combination of
* FF_DECODE_ERROR_xxx flags if the decoder produced a frame, but there
* were errors during the decoding.
* Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
* av_frame_get_decode_error_flags(frame)
* - encoding: unused
* - decoding: set by libavcodec, read by user.
*/
int decode_error_flags;
#define FF_DECODE_ERROR_INVALID_BITSTREAM 1
#define FF_DECODE_ERROR_MISSING_REFERENCE 2
/**
* number of audio channels, only used for audio.
* Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
* av_frame_get_channels(frame)
* - encoding: unused
* - decoding: Read by user.
*/
int channels;
/**
* size of the corresponding packet containing the compressed
* frame. It must be accessed using av_frame_get_pkt_size() and
* av_frame_set_pkt_size().
* It is set to a negative value if unknown.
* - encoding: unused
* - decoding: set by libavcodec, read by user.
*/
int pkt_size;
/**
* Not to be accessed directly from outside libavutil
*/
AVBufferRef *qp_table_buf;
} AVFrame;
AVFrame 是用来描述 解码后的数据；即存储原始数据；（非压缩数据），对视频来说是YUV RGB，对音频来说是PCM；此外还包括一些相关的信息；，解码的时候存储了宏块类型表，QP表，运动矢量表等数据。编码的时候也存储了相关的数据。因此在使用FFMPEG进行码流分析的时候，
uint8_t *data[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS]：解码后原始数据（对视频来说是YUV，RGB，对音频来说是PCM）
int linesize[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS]：data中“一行”数据的大小。注意：未必等于图像的宽，一般大于图像的宽。
nt width, height：视频帧宽和高（1920x1080,1280x720...）
int nb_samples：音频的一个AVFrame中可能包含多个音频帧，在此标记包含了几个
int format：解码后原始数据类型（YUV420，YUV422，RGB24...）
int key_frame：是否是关键帧
enum AVPictureType pict_type：帧类型（I,B,P...）
AVRational sample_aspect_ratio：宽高比（16:9，4:3...）
int64_t pts：显示时间戳
int coded_picture_number：编码帧序号
int display_picture_number：显示帧序号
int8_t *qscale_table：QP表
uint8_t *mbskip_table：跳过宏块表
int16_t (*motion_val[2])[2]：运动矢量表
uint32_t *mb_type：宏块类型表
short *dct_coeff：DCT系数，这个没有提取过
int8_t *ref_index[2]：运动估计参考帧列表（貌似H.264这种比较新的标准才会涉及到多参考帧）
int interlaced_frame：是否是隔行扫描
uint8_t motion_subsample_log2：一个宏块中的运动矢量采样个数，取log的
1.data[]对于packed格式的数据（例如RGB24），会存到data[0]里面。
对于planar格式的数据（例如YUV420P），则会分开成data[0]，data[1]，data[2]...（YUV420P中data[0]存Y，data[1]存U，data[2]存V）
2.pict_type
<strong>enum AVPictureType {
AV_PICTURE_TYPE_NONE = 0, ///< Undefined
AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I, ///< Intra
AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P, ///< Predicted
AV_PICTURE_TYPE_B, ///< Bi-dir predicted
AV_PICTURE_TYPE_S, ///< S(GMC)-VOP MPEG4
AV_PICTURE_TYPE_SI, ///< Switching Intra
AV_PICTURE_TYPE_SP, ///< Switching Predicted
AV_PICTURE_TYPE_BI, ///< BI type
};</strong>
3.sample_aspect_ratio
宽高比是一个分数，FFMPEG中用AVRational表达分数：
/**
* rational number numerator/denominator
*/
typedef struct AVRational{
int num; ///< numerator
int den; ///< denominator
} AVRational;
4.qscale_table
QP表指向一块内存，里面存储的是每个宏块的QP值。宏块的标号是从左往右，一行一行的来的。每个宏块对应1个QP。
qscale_table[0]就是第1行第1列宏块的QP值；qscale_table[1]就是第1行第2列宏块的QP值；qscale_table[2]就是第1行第3列宏块的QP值。以此类推...
宏块的个数用下式计算：
注：宏块大小是16x16的。
每行宏块数：int mb_stride = pCodecCtx->width/16+1
宏块的总数：int mb_sum = ((pCodecCtx->height+15)>>4)*(pCodecCtx->width/16+1)5.motion_subsample_log2
1个运动矢量所能代表的画面大小（用宽或者高表示，单位是像素），注意，这里取了log2。
代码注释中给出以下数据：
4->16x16, 3->8x8, 2-> 4x4, 1-> 2x2
即1个运动矢量代表16x16的画面的时候，该值取4；1个运动矢量代表8x8的画面的时候，该值取3...以此类推
6.motion_val
运动矢量表存储了一帧视频中的所有运动矢量。
该值的存储方式比较特别：int16_t (*motion_val[2])[2];
int mv_sample_log2= 4 - motion_subsample_log2; int mb_width= (width+15)>>4; int mv_stride= (mb_width << mv_sample_log2) + 1; motion_val[direction][x + y*mv_stride][0->mv_x, 1->mv_y];解析：
1.首先分为两个列表L0和L1
2.每个列表（L0或L1）存储了一系列的MV（每个MV对应一个画面，大小由motion_subsample_log2决定）
3.每个MV分为横坐标和纵坐标（x,y）
注意，在FFMPEG中MV和MB在存储的结构上是没有什么关联的，第1个MV是屏幕上左上角画面的MV（画面的大小取决于motion_subsample_log2），第2个MV是屏幕上第1行第2列的画面的MV，以此类推。因此在一个宏块（16x16）的运动矢量很有可能如下图所示（line代表一行运动矢量的个数）：
//例如8x8划分的运动矢量与宏块的关系： //------------------------- //| | | //|mv[x] |mv[x+1] | //------------------------- //| | | //|mv[x+line]|mv[x+line+1]| //-------------------------
7.mb_type
宏块类型表存储了一帧视频中的所有宏块的类型。其存储方式和QP表差不多。只不过其是uint32类型的，而QP表是uint8类型的。每个宏块对应一个宏块类型变量。
宏块类型如下定义所示：
//The following defines may change, don't expect compatibility if you use them. #define MB_TYPE_INTRA4x4 0x0001 #define MB_TYPE_INTRA16x16 0x0002 //FIXME H.264-specific #define MB_TYPE_INTRA_PCM 0x0004 //FIXME H.264-specific #define MB_TYPE_16x16 0x0008 #define MB_TYPE_16x8 0x0010 #define MB_TYPE_8x16 0x0020 #define MB_TYPE_8x8 0x0040 #define MB_TYPE_INTERLACED 0x0080 #define MB_TYPE_DIRECT2 0x0100 //FIXME #define MB_TYPE_ACPRED 0x0200 #define MB_TYPE_GMC 0x0400 #define MB_TYPE_SKIP 0x0800 #define MB_TYPE_P0L0 0x1000 #define MB_TYPE_P1L0 0x2000 #define MB_TYPE_P0L1 0x4000 #define MB_TYPE_P1L1 0x8000 #define MB_TYPE_L0 (MB_TYPE_P0L0 | MB_TYPE_P1L0) #define MB_TYPE_L1 (MB_TYPE_P0L1 | MB_TYPE_P1L1) #define MB_TYPE_L0L1 (MB_TYPE_L0 | MB_TYPE_L1) #define MB_TYPE_QUANT 0x00010000 #define MB_TYPE_CBP 0x00020000 //Note bits 24-31 are reserved for codec specific use (h264 ref0, mpeg1 0mv, ...)一个宏块如果包含上述定义中的一种或两种类型，则其对应的宏块变量的对应位会被置1。
注：一个宏块可以包含好几种类型，但是有些类型是不能重复包含的，比如说一个宏块不可能既是16x16又是8x8。
ffmpeg使用AVPacket来暂存解复用之后，解码之前的媒体数据（一个音/视频帧、一个字母包等）以及附加信息（解码时间、显示时间、时长等）
- dts 表示解码时间戳，pts表示显示时间戳，它们的单位是所属媒体流的时间基准。
- stream_index 给出所属媒体流的索引；
- data 为数据缓冲区指针，size为长度；
- duration 为数据的时长，也是以所属媒体流的时间基准为单位；
- pos 表示该数据在媒体流中的字节偏移量；
- destruct 为用于释放数据缓冲区的函数指针；
- flags 为标志域，其中，最低为置1表示该数据是一个关键帧。
AVPacket 结构本身只是个容器，它使用data成员指向实际的数据缓冲区，这个缓冲区可以通过av_new_packet创建，可以通过 av_dup_packet 拷贝，也可以由FFMPEG的API产生（如av_read_frame），使用之后需要通过调用av_free_packet释放。
av_free_packet调用的是结构体本身的destruct函数，它的值有两种情况：(1)av_destruct_packet_nofree或 0；(2)av_destruct_packet，其中，前者仅仅是将data和size的值清0而已，后者才会真正地释放缓冲区。FFMPEG内部使用 AVPacket结构建立缓冲区装载数据，同时提供destruct函数，如果FFMPEG打算自己维护缓冲区，则将destruct设为 av_destruct_packet_nofree，用户调用av_free_packet清理缓冲区时并不能够将其释放；如果FFMPEG不会再使用 该缓冲区，则将destruct设为av_destruct_packet，表示它能够被释放。对于缓冲区不能够被释放的AVPackt，用户在使用之前 最好调用av_dup_packet进行缓冲区的克隆，将其转化为缓冲区能够被释放的AVPacket，以免对缓冲区的不当占用造成异常错误。而 av_dup_packet会为destruct指针为av_destruct_packet_nofree的AVPacket新建一个缓冲区，然后将原 缓冲区的数据拷贝至新缓冲
区，置data的值为新缓冲区的地址，同时设destruct指针为av_destruct_packet。
时间信息
时间信息用于实现多媒体同步。
同步的目的在于展示多媒体信息时，能够保持媒体对象之间固有的时间关系。同步有两类，一类是流内同步，其主要任务是保证单个媒体流内的时间关系，以满足感知 要求，如按照规定的帧率播放一段视频；另一类是流间同步，主要任务是保证不同媒体流之间的时间关系，如音频和视频之间的关系（lipsync）。
对于固定速率的媒体，如固定帧率的视频或固定比特率的音频，可以将时间信息（帧率或比特率）置于文件首部（header），如AVI的hdrl List、MP4的moov box，还有一种相对复杂的方案是将时间信息嵌入媒体流的内部，如MPEG TS和Real video，这种方案可以处理变速率的媒体，亦可有效避免同步过程中的时间漂移。
FFMPEG会为每一个数据包打上时间标 签，以更有效地支持上层应用的同步机制。时间标签有两种，一种是DTS，称为解码时间标签，另一种是PTS，称为显示时间标签。对于声音来说 ，这两个时间标签是相同的，但对于某些视频编码格式，由于采用了双向预测技术，会造成DTS和PTS的不一致。
时间信息的获取：
通过调用av_find_stream_info，多媒体应用可以从AVFormatContext对象中拿到媒体文件的时间信息：主要是总时间长度和开始时间，此外还有与时间信息相关的比特率和文件大小。其中时间信息的单位是AV_TIME_BASE：微秒。
/**
* This structure stores compressed data. It is typically exported by demuxers
* and then passed as input to decoders, or received as output from encoders and
* then passed to muxers.
*
* For video, it should typically contain one compressed frame. For audio it may
* contain several compressed frames.
*
* AVPacket is one of the few structs in FFmpeg, whose size is a part of public
* ABI. Thus it may be allocated on stack and no new fields can be added to it
* without libavcodec and libavformat major bump.
*
* The semantics of data ownership depends on the buf or destruct (deprecated)
* fields. If either is set, the packet data is dynamically allocated and is
* valid indefinitely until av_free_packet() is called (which in turn calls
* av_buffer_unref()/the destruct callback to free the data). If neither is set,
* the packet data is typically backed by some static buffer somewhere and is
* only valid for a limited time (e.g. until the next read call when demuxing).
*
* The side data is always allocated with av_malloc() and is freed in
* av_free_packet().
*/
typedef struct AVPacket {
/**
* A reference to the reference-counted buffer where the packet data is
* stored.
* May be NULL, then the packet data is not reference-counted.
*/
AVBufferRef *buf;
/**
* Presentation timestamp in AVStream->time_base units; the time at which
* the decompressed packet will be presented to the user.
* Can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if it is not stored in the file.
* pts MUST be larger or equal to dts as presentation cannot happen before
* decompression, unless one wants to view hex dumps. Some formats misuse
* the terms dts and pts/cts to mean something different. Such timestamps
* must be converted to true pts/dts before they are stored in AVPacket.
*/
int64_t pts;
/**
* Decompression timestamp in AVStream->time_base units; the time at which
* the packet is decompressed.
* Can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if it is not stored in the file.
*/
int64_t dts;
uint8_t *data;
int size;
int stream_index;
/**
* A combination of AV_PKT_FLAG values
*/
int flags;
/**
* Additional packet data that can be provided by the container.
* Packet can contain several types of side information.
*/
AVPacketSideData *side_data;
int side_data_elems;
/**
* Duration of this packet in AVStream->time_base units, 0 if unknown.
* Equals next_pts - this_pts in presentation order.
*/
int duration;
#if FF_API_DESTRUCT_PACKET
attribute_deprecated
void (*destruct)(struct AVPacket *);
attribute_deprecated
void *priv;
#endif
int64_t pos; ///< byte position in stream, -1 if unknown
/**
* Time difference in AVStream->time_base units from the pts of this
* packet to the point at which the output from the decoder has converged
* independent from the availability of previous frames. That is, the
* frames are virtually identical no matter if decoding started from
* the very first frame or from this keyframe.
* Is AV_NOPTS_VALUE if unknown.
* This field is not the display duration of the current packet.
* This field has no meaning if the packet does not have AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY
* set.
*
* The purpose of this field is to allow seeking in streams that have no
* keyframes in the conventional sense. It corresponds to the
* recovery point SEI in H.264 and match_time_delta in NUT. It is also
* essential for some types of subtitle streams to ensure that all
* subtitles are correctly displayed after seeking.
*/
int64_t convergence_duration;
} AVPacket;
在AVPacket结构体中，重要的变量有以下几个：
uint8_t *data：压缩编码的数据。
例如对于H.264来说。1个AVPacket的data通常对应一个NAL。
注意：在这里只是对应，而不是一模一样。他们之间有微小的差别：使用FFMPEG类库分离出多媒体文件中的H.264码流
因此在使用FFMPEG进行视音频处理的时候，常常可以将得到的AVPacket的data数据直接写成文件，从而得到视音频的码流文件。
int size：data的大小
int64_t pts：显示时间戳
int64_t dts：解码时间戳
int stream_index：标识该AVPacket所属的视频/音频流。