英语中逗号的使用
英语中有哪些单词或短语在使用时用逗号隔开啊?比如HOWEVER,for example,还有哪些啊?
主要分几类:
1.用并列连词and,or,for,so,but等连接的两个完整句中间要用逗号,当然是用在连接词前(这里完整句子是指必须都有主语和动词)
像:Icycle to school, and I walk home.这就要逗号
如果改下:Icycle to school and walk home.这就不用逗号,注意区别
2.不独立句+独立句,中间要逗号。比如像这种:When I was a child, I alwaysplayed with my father.(句子内容比较弱智,主要看结构)
如果把when的部分放到后面,就不要逗号了
3.短语+句子,中间要逗号。
这个就很多了:
For example,
Then,
After that,
However,
反正就是不是句子的
4.地址每一级中间要逗号
街道,城市,省,国家
5.还有超过两个的并列成分要逗号:We bought sugar, tea, coffee, and butter.注意最后一个and前的逗号一定不要掉,我在国内的时候一直以为最后and前不用逗号……
6.然后是插入语用逗号“夹”起来(觉得这个动词最贴切……):Cellphone, a modern communicationdevice, is very important to me.
再就是一些特殊的:
像Youare kidding, right?
我不知道这种叫什么
今天刚学到的新东西,英文中逗号和句号之后都需要一个英文的空格。
长难句,一直是考研阅读之中最有影响力以及决定力的一环。长难句的理解,在某种意义上可以说决定了考生的考试结果以及考研的成败!如何有效破解长难句,有效获得其中信息,便成为了考研阅读的重中之重。对此,各路英雄也是各显神通,有着相关的许多方法、诸多技巧以及总结,已经给予无数考生巨大的指引和帮助。但是,通过逗号来快速理解长难句的相关内容却寥寥无几。
其实,句子中“,”的使用,不仅有助于长难句的破解,还可以提高写作的准确性,对“,”的正确运用既可以化简相对复杂的句子,也可以消除run-on句子(不间断句)的存在切实提高分数!所以,下面将“,”运用的相关问题进行了总结,汇成此文,以期对各位考研同学有所帮助。
英语重逻辑,任何标点符号的添加,都需要有逻辑上的理由,尤其是使得句子变得更加丰富和复杂的“,”。其添加的原因主要有如下五种:
一、连词——连接两个对等的句子,以表明上下句关系,可以加“,”;
二、从句,在主句之前可加“,”以表示分割,其中非限定性定语从句,因为其限定关系并不十分紧密,故可置于所限定的相对应成分之后,在一定意义上等同于插入语;
三、相当于省略的"and",在多个非句子的短语中使用“,”以表示分割和对等关系。
注意,前两种为用“,”连接句子的使用方法,其连接对象一定是主谓宾相对完整的句子。第三种,是非句子的结构,是最为简单,也是相对常见的。对于以上三种,在本文中不再赘述。
四、状语前置,用“,”分割,表明限定整个句子。
例如2007年text 3:
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once couldcount on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had beentransformed by economic risk and new realties。
During the past generation即为介词所引导的前置状语,其“,”的添加就是如上理由。
在英语中,能作状语的成分主要有副词、介词短语、非谓语动词以及状语从句。这种逗号添加的理由,还是比较好理解的,只要明白,是对后面句子的修饰就好。在阅读中,除非有细节定位关系,可以适当忽视以上成分。
要注意的是,在非谓语动词作前置状语的时候,我们应该注意其与谓语的相对关系。这种平时的积累,对于我们解决完形填空的相关题型,有着非常显著的帮助。
插入解释说明成分,用“,”分割于解释说明成分之后,用“,”表示分割结束;如果被解释成分已经是句子的结束部分,则用"。"结束分割。例如:1994年text 1
Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers,coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire ofindividuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall beproduced and how resources are used to produce it。
该句中的第一个逗号就是副词thus的状语前置分割,以表明整个句子对于上个句子的关系;而第二个“,”与第三个“,”是插入语"coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profitsand the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes"的分割标志,因该被解释部分不是句子的最后部分,所以第三个标点是“,”而不是"。"。该插入部分,补充说明了"the demand of individualconsumers"这个名词短语,以确定说明该短语的实际内容。整体上,该句为强调句型,只需要删去强调部分"it is...that",将原句按语序还原即可。该插入语,即为句子的难点所在。
在英语中,插入语的成分相对复杂,主要有如下几类:
1. 插入语常以副词(副词短语)、形容词(形容词短语)、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式出现。这种插入语是相对简单的,也易于理解。
2. 插入句为简短的、具有完整意义的句子。这种成分的插入属于不规则的插入,不应将其视作是ran-on。插入句独立性强,一般用标点符号将其与其他句子成分隔开。常见的插入句如下:I am sure, that is (to say),it seems,as I see it,what's more,what's worse,what is important / serious,I'm afraid,it is said,as we all know 等。应当特别注意疑问句中的插入句,它一般为倒装语序且无任何标点符号,而且整个疑问句应当保持陈述语序。
例如:Whatshould I do first? 被插入的疑问句原来为倒装语序,插入后成为陈述语序,改变为:What do you think I should do first?
而又如:Whois singing? 被插入的疑问句原来就是陈述语序,不需要做调整,句子为:Who do you think is singing?
关于英语中逗号与 and 的用法?
“There is no skyin June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset sobeautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision whichpasses before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves an indefinablelonging and regret.”
对于这句话,我想知道“no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision......”前面为什么不加个and?“No sunset...”前面省略了个“there is”,那么它与前半句不是并列的吗?应该加个“and”啊。
原句的结构其实是 there is no sky..., no sunset ...., and an indefinable longing andregret(最后一部分只是把 in passing leaves 调到了an indefinable longing and regret 前面而已)
所以就是 There is A, B and C 这样的结构。
顺便再给楼主解释一下形容词语序和逗号/and 摆放的问题( 摘译自The Royal Order of Adjectives,有能力尽量读原文哦)
形容词语序 royal order of adjectives:
形容词分类
Determiner—articles (a, an, the), possessives (your, his, her, my, their, our),number (ten, several, some), demonstratives (this, that, those, these)
Observation or Opinion—cold, ugly, tasty, heroic, retired, carefree,enthusiastic, soft, opinionated, priceless
Size—huge, minuscule, petite
Shape—square, oblong, circular
Age—ancient, old, young
Color—green, gray, yellow
Origin—British, Albanian, Hawaiian
Material—wooden, velvet, plastic, aluminum
Qualifier—typically a noun used as an adjective to identify the type of thenoun—hound dog, evening gown, bumper crop—or an adjective ending in -ing thatdescribes a noun’s purpose—adding machine, walking stick, marching orders
以上分类,越在上的离名词越远。(size 和 shape 有人归为一类)
形容词之间的逗号
①相同类别的形容词之间要加逗号或 and
②不相同类别的形容词间不加逗号
③三个或三个以上同类别形容词连续出现时,最后一个形容词之前可以 and 与 逗号同时出现,否则其他情况两个不能同时用于一个形容词之前
以下五句都是对的
The scary and hungry bearscharged the tent.
The threatening, scary bearscharged the tent.
The scary, threatening, andhungry bears charged the tent.
The scary, threatening, hungrybears charged the tent.
The scary and threatening andhungry bears charged the tent.
这一句不对:The scary hungry bears charged thetent. 因为scary 与 hungry 是一类词,之间要加逗号或者 and
以下几句都是对的
a long blue velvet drape (三个形容词来自不同类别,不加逗号或 and)
the gnarled and hideous plastic tubing (可以用逗号代替 and)
a loose-fitting blue and green Hawaiian shirt (只有 blue 与 green 来自同一类别,故他们之间加 and)
some hard, tasteless, and stinky yellow candies (同上)
some hard, tasteless yellow candies (hard 与 tasteless 同类,加逗号)
发布于 2014-10-121 条评论感谢
和中文不同,英语里的逗号只表停顿不能连接两个句子,而英语里的and是连词所以能连接两个句子。所以这里的no sunset是和前文共用了一个there is(也就是与no sky并列)而不是省略了一个there is。
如很多东西,我有A, B, C and D, 也就是最后的地方才用and .
还有就是,两个用and连接的句子,如果表达的事件相关的,可以不用逗号,如果表达前后不相关,就要用逗号隔开,还有两句子主语不一样也要用逗号.
例如:i like playing basketball and i play iteveryda.
i like playing basketball, and john likes playing football.
逗号&and详细用法
1.逗号:
(1). 在句子里面用于并列的词语之间.如:
Id youkeep calm, tak eyour time, concentrate and think ahead, you’ll pass your drinving test.
假如你保持镇定、不慌不忙、集中精力注意前方,驾驶考试就能及格.
(2). 常用于主句与状语从句或较长的词组之间.如:
When apolicyholder has a loss, he or she asks for payment from the insurance company.当投保人遭受损失后,他们要求保险公司支付损失.
(3).用于在句首非限定的或无动词的短语之后.如:
Discovedin 1789 and isolated from other elements in 1841, uranium is valued as a sourceof atomic enegy.
铀于1789年被发现,1841年被从其他元素中分离出来,它被珍视为原子能的一个来源.
(4). 用以将引导性词语或转折性词语(如there fore, however, by theway, for instance, on the contrary)与句子的其余部分隔开.
如:In the United States, forexample, nodding your hand up and down means“yes”. In the same parts of Greenand Turkey, hower, this motion can mean”no’.
比如在美国,点头表示“是”或“可以”,而在希腊和土耳其的某些地区,这一动作却表示“不行”.
(5).用于插入句中的从句等成分的前后.如:
Everyindividual cell, whether it exists as an independent microorganism or is partof a complex creature, has its own life circle.
每个单独的细胞,不论它是作为一个独立的微生物而存在,还是作为一个复杂生物的一部分而存在,都有自己的生命周期.
(6). 用于非限定性定语从句或同位短语前后,进一步说明前面的名词或句子.如:
Thepainter lived more than a decade in Europe, where he could be in close contactwith other cubists.
(7).有时用以分隔并列复合句(尤指较长的),用于连词(如and ,as,but,for,or)之前.如:
Thefragrances of many natural substances comes from oils, and this oils may beused in manufacturing perfumes.
许多自然物质的香味来自油类,因此,这样的油可以用来生产香水.
(8). 用以将附加疑问句或类似词语与句中其余部分隔开.如:
He is anexcellent scholar, isn’t he? 他是位优秀的学者,是吗?
(9). 在直接引语中作者提示“某某说”之类的词语(如he said, she told, etc.)用逗号与引用语分开.如:
“This house is very big andbeautiful”said Fritz.“这所房子又大又漂亮,”弗里茨说.
(10). 引语里面的引语用逗号隔开.如:
“When the Judge said,‘Not guilty’, I could have hugged him.”
“当法官宣布,‘无罪’,我当时真想去拥抱他.”
(11). 用于表示日期.如:May 1, 2003 2003年五月一日
2.and:
conjunction
used toconnect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to betaken jointly
[用来连接同词性词、分句和句子]和,与
bread andbutter.
面包和黄油.
red andblack tiles.
红色与黑色的瓷砖.
they canread and write.
他们能读和写.
a hundredand fifty.
一百五十.
■used to connect two clauseswhen the second refers to something that happens after the first
[用来连接两个分句,后一分句指后发生的事]然后
he turnedround and walked out.
他转过身然后走了出去.
■used to connect two clauses,the second of which refers to something that results from the first
[用来连接两个分句,后一分句指前一分句引起的结果]因此,结果
do thatonce more and I'll skin you alive.
再那么做,我要活剥你的皮.
■connecting two identicalcomparatives, to emphasize a progressive change
[连接两个相同的比较级来强调一渐进的变化]越来越
gettingbetter and better.
变得越来越好.
■connecting two identical words,implying great duration or great extent
[连接两个相同的词,暗示连续或程度]接连,又
I criedand cried.
我哭了又哭.
■used to connect two identicalwords to indicate that things of the same name or class have differentqualities
[用来连接两个相同的词表示同一事物有不同性质]此外还有
all humanconduct is determined or caused—but there are causes andcauses.
所有人类行为都是先决的或有原因的——但有这样那样的原因.
■used to connect two numbersto indicate that they are being added together
[用来连接两个数字表示相加]加
six andfour makes ten.
6加4等于10.
■(archaic)used to connect twonumbers, implying succession
(古)[用来连接两个数字,含有连续之意]两个两个地
a line ofmen marching two and two.
一列两个人并排行进的队伍.
used tointroduce an additional comment or interjection
[用来引导补充说明或插入语]并且
if itcame to a choice—and this was the worst thing—she would turn her back onher parents.
如果要做出选择─这是最糟的事——她会背弃她父母的.
■used to introduce a questionin connection with what someone else has just said
[用来引导和某个人刚说的话有关的问题]那么,接着
‘I found the letter in herbag.’ ‘And did you steam it open?’.
“我在她包里发现了信.”“那你用蒸汽拆开信了?”.
■(especially in broadcasting)used to introduce a statement about a new topic
[尤在播音中引导和新话题有关的话]那么,接着
and nowto the dessert.
现在来谈甜食.
(informal)usedafter some verbs and before another verb to indicate intention, instead of ‘to’
(非正式)[用于某些动词后和另一动词前表示目的,取代“to” ]以,来. 见后面 usage
I wouldtry and do what he said.
我会力图照他说的去做.