运行sudo不需要输入密码

      最近CI有两个job中编译的时候需要不同的环境,分别依赖同一个包的不同版本,而且运行加载库包的时候需要用到sudo的权限。由于Jenkins在运行的时候使用的是非root账户,所以就必须输入密码。但是jenkins servr现在不支持tty的插件,而且jenkins是由几个Unit公用的,要安装新的插件走的流程比较复杂,短期内不可能。为了达到目标,只能考虑到其他的方法了。

      Google一下知道了一个叫做sudoers的文件可以达到目的。官方解释是,sudoers可以决定用户的sudo权限,这个文件在/etc/sudoers。管理员可以通过添加用户到sudoers文件来控制运行sudo命令时候的行为,比如是否需要密码(英文没有选好,翻译成中文也说不好,悲剧啊)。所以,正好满足我的需求,也不需要去走那个复杂的流程。

     这里记录一下我是怎么做的:

    

>sudo visudo
#不能使用vi或者vim去打开,应该使用visudo命令来打开

 

 

    文件如下:

    

# sudoers file.
#
# This file MUST be edited with the 'visudo' command as root.
# Failure to use 'visudo' may result in syntax or file permission errors
# that prevent sudo from running.
#
# See the sudoers man page for the details on how to write a sudoers file.
#

# Host alias specification

# User alias specification

# Cmnd alias specification

# Defaults specification
Defaults        env_reset
Defaults        env_keep += "BLOCKSIZE"
Defaults        env_keep += "COLORFGBG COLORTERM"
Defaults        env_keep += "__CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING"
Defaults        env_keep += "CHARSET LANG LANGUAGE LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE"
Defaults        env_keep += "LC_MESSAGES LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME"
Defaults        env_keep += "LINES COLUMNS"
Defaults        env_keep += "LSCOLORS"
Defaults        env_keep += "SSH_AUTH_SOCK"
Defaults        env_keep += "TZ"
Defaults        env_keep += "DISPLAY XAUTHORIZATION XAUTHORITY"
Defaults        env_keep += "EDITOR VISUAL"
Defaults        env_keep += "HOME MAIL"

# Runas alias specification

# User privilege specification
root    ALL=(ALL) ALL
%admin  ALL=(ALL) ALL

# Uncomment to allow people in group wheel to run all commands
# %wheel        ALL=(ALL) ALL

# Same thing without a password
# %wheel        ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

# Samples
# %users  ALL=/sbin/mount /cdrom,/sbin/umount /cdrom
# %users  localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now

 

 

     所以,从上面的解释来说,在#User privilege Speciation后面加上目标username就可以了,比如:

    

username ALL=(ALL) ALL

 

 

    我这里使用的是用户名是MSTV,看好了,是大写的,添加如下行:

    

MSTV ALL = (ALL) ALL

 

 

   保存,结果报错,如下:

   

visudo: Warning: User_Alias `MSTV' referenced but not defined

 

    看来这个文件不认识'MSTV',因为没有设置User_Alias, 查看cat /etc/passwd|grep MSTV, 没有搜到,查看sudoers果然有个设置User_Alias的地方。那就设置吧。查看设置的语法:

    

User_List ::= User |
              User ',' User_List
 
User ::= '!'* user name |
         '!'* #uid |
         '!'* %group |
         '!'* %#gid |
         '!'* +netgroup |
         '!'* %:nonunix_group |
         '!'* %:#nonunix_gid |
         '!'* User_Alias

    User_list可以有一个或者多个用户名,user ID(前面必须加#),系统的group(前面必须加%),Group ID(前面要加%#), netgroups(前面必须加+), Non-Unix group(前面加上%:), Non-Unix gid(前面必须加上%:)等等。

 

    所以,我改成了:

   

User_Alias MSTV_ = MSTV

    结果,还是报错, 看来不能使用MSTV这个用户名,那就使用uid吧,运行ls -ln,查看uid是504,所以:

    

User_Alias MSTV = #504

    :wq, 这下终于不报错了。

   由于,我只想在使用特定命令的时候带sudo,不需要输入密码,所以,可以指定哪些特定的命令。在这里使用的是Cmnd_Alias来指定:

   

Cmnd_Alias FINALIZER5 = /usr/local/jenkins/Finalizer/Finalizer-5.0.0.70600-macosx-x86/Xcode/install-xcode-finalizer-wrapper.sh
Cmnd_Alias FINALIZER4 = /usr/local/jenkins/Finalizer/Finalizer-4.1.1.1-macosx-x86/Xcode/install-xcode-finalizer-wrapper.sh

  

    组成新的rule,就是:

   

MSTV    ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: FINALIZER4, FINALIZER5

 

    :wq 保存,没有错误输出,sudo -l,查看一下,

Matching Defaults entries for MSTV on this host:
    env_reset, env_keep+=BLOCKSIZE, env_keep+="COLORFGBG COLORTERM", env_keep+=__CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING, env_keep+="CHARSET LANG
    LANGUAGE LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE", env_keep+="LC_MESSAGES LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME", env_keep+="LINES COLUMNS",
    env_keep+=LSCOLORS, env_keep+=SSH_AUTH_SOCK, env_keep+=TZ, env_keep+="DISPLAY XAUTHORIZATION XAUTHORITY", env_keep+="EDITOR
    VISUAL", env_keep+="HOME MAIL"

User MSTV may run the following commands on this host:
    (ALL) ALL
    (ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/local/jenkins/Finalizer/Finalizer-4.1.1.1-macosx-x86/Xcode/install-xcode-finalizer-wrapper.sh, (ALL)
    /usr/local/jenkins/Finalizer/Finalizer-5.0.0.70600-macosx-x86/Xcode/install-xcode-finalizer-wrapper.sh

 

    可以看到这条规则生效了,测试一下,运行这两个命令前面带上sudo,很顺利,不需要输入密码,就执行成功了。反过来执行一个其他的命令,带上sudo,就需要密码。可见sudoers已经生效了。

     

    这里,主要参考的文档是:http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/sudoers.man.html,另外sudo也有很多命令含有意思,输入sudo -h,可以得到:

    

sudo
usage: sudo -h | -K | -k | -L | -V
usage: sudo -v [-AknS] [-g groupname|#gid] [-p prompt] [-u user name|#uid]
usage: sudo -l[l] [-AknS] [-g groupname|#gid] [-p prompt] [-U user name] [-u user name|#uid] [-g groupname|#gid] [command]
usage: sudo [-AbEHknPS] [-C fd] [-g groupname|#gid] [-p prompt] [-u user name|#uid] [-g groupname|#gid] [VAR=value] [-i|-s]
            [<command>]
usage: sudo -e [-AknS] [-C fd] [-g groupname|#gid] [-p prompt] [-u user name|#uid] file ...

Options:
  -A            use helper program for password prompting
  -b            run command in the background
  -C fd         close all file descriptors >= fd
  -E            preserve user environment when executing command
  -e            edit files instead of running a command
  -g group      execute command as the specified group
  -H            set HOME variable to target user's home dir.
  -h            display help message and exit
  -i [command]  run a login shell as target user
  -K            remove timestamp file completely
  -k            invalidate timestamp file
  -L            list supported sudoers Defaults values
  -l[l] command list user's available commands
  -n            non-interactive mode, will not prompt user
  -P            preserve group vector instead of setting to target's
  -p prompt     use specified password prompt
  -S            read password from standard input
  -s [command]  run a shell as target user
  -U user       when listing, list specified user's privileges
  -u user       run command (or edit file) as specified user
  -V            display version information and exit
  -v            update user's timestamp without running a command
  --            stop processing command line arguments

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