还原真实的cache recovery
我们在学习Oracle基础知识的时候会了解到实例恢复(Instance Recovery)或者说崩溃恢复(Crash recovery)的概念，有时候甚至于这2个名词在我们日常的语言中表达同样的意思。实际上Instance Recovery与Crash Recovery是存在区别的：针对单实例(single instance)或者RAC中所有节点全部崩溃后的恢复，我们称之为Crash Recovery。而对于RAC中的某一个节点失败，存活节点(surviving instance)试图对失败节点线程上redo做应用的情况，我们称之为Instance Recovery。
不管是Instance Recovery还是Crash Recovery，都由2个部分组成：cache recovery继以transaction recovery。
根据官方文档的介绍，Cache Recovery也叫Rolling Forward，就是我们常说的前滚；而Transaction Recovery也叫Rolling Back，就是我们常说的回滚。前滚和回滚贯穿Oracle恢复的基本概念，是我们入门必要学习的知识，在次不多介绍。
有文事者，必济之以武略。理论学得再好，不实践也无用。所幸Crash Recovery是很容易做成的实验，我们不妨来看一看:
SQL> shutdown abort; ORACLE instance shut down. SQL> startup mount; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 1065353216 bytes Fixed Size 2089336 bytes Variable Size 486542984 bytes Database Buffers 570425344 bytes Redo Buffers 6295552 bytes Database mounted. SQL> alter database open; Crash Recovery将从alter database open开始，我们来观察其日志 ==================alert.log==================== alter database open Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 Beginning crash recovery of 1 threads parallel recovery started with 2 processes Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 Started redo scan Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 Completed redo scan 0 redo blocks read, 0 data blocks need recovery Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 Started redo application at Thread 1: logseq 1004, block 1124, scn 17136185 Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 Recovery of Online Redo Log: Thread 1 Group 2 Seq 1004 Reading mem 0 Mem# 0: /flashcard/oradata/G10R2/onlinelog/o1_mf_2_6v34jokt_.log Mem# 1: /s01/flash_recovery_area/G10R2/onlinelog/o1_mf_2_6v34jotq_.log Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 Completed redo application Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 Completed crash recovery at Thread 1: logseq 1004, block 1124, scn 17156186 0 data blocks read, 0 data blocks written, 0 redo blocks read Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 LGWR: STARTING ARCH PROCESSES ARC0: Archival started LGWR: STARTING ARCH PROCESSES COMPLETE ARC0 started with pid=16, OS id=7829 Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 Thread 1 advanced to log sequence 1005 (thread open) Thread 1 opened at log sequence 1005 Current log# 3 seq# 1005 mem# 0: /flashcard/oradata/G10R2/onlinelog/o1_mf_3_6v34jpmp_.log Current log# 3 seq# 1005 mem# 1: /s01/flash_recovery_area/G10R2/onlinelog/o1_mf_3_6v34jpyn_.log Successful open of redo thread 1 Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 ARC0: Becoming the 'no FAL' ARCH ARC0: Becoming the 'no SRL' ARCH ARC0: Becoming the heartbeat ARCH Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 SMON: enabling cache recovery Tue Jun 14 18:19:53 2011 db_recovery_file_dest_size of 204800 MB is 6.81% used. This is a user-specified limit on the amount of space that will be used by this database for recovery-related files, and does not reflect the amount of space available in the underlying filesystem or ASM diskgroup. Tue Jun 14 18:19:54 2011 Successfully onlined Undo Tablespace 1. Tue Jun 14 18:19:54 2011 SMON: enabling tx recovery Database Characterset is UTF8 Opening with internal Resource Manager plan where NUMA PG = 1, CPUs = 2 replication_dependency_tracking turned off (no async multimaster replication found) Starting background process QMNC QMNC started with pid=17, OS id=7831 Tue Jun 14 18:19:55 2011 Completed: alter database open
注意上述单实例Crash Recovery到数据库打开的整个过程:
- alter database open
- Beginning crash recovery of 1 threads
- Started redo scan
- Completed redo scan
- Started redo application at
- Completed redo application
- Completed crash recovery at
- SMON: enabling cache recovery
- Successfully onlined Undo Tablespace 1
- SMON: enabling tx recovery
- Completed: alter database open
从上述步骤中我们可以看到三种恢复名词，即：
- crash recovery
- cache recovery
- tx recovery
这和官方文档所描述的Crash Recovery概念是不一致的，我们现在来理清这几种recovery。
crash recovery包含对redo的scan和application，显然其完成的是Rolling Forward前滚的工作，告警日志中出现的crash recovery等同于官方文档中介绍的”cache recovery”，我们可以将” Completed crash recovery”看做前滚完成的标志。而tx recovery从字面就可以看出实际上是Transaction Recovery，tx recovery发生在Undo Tablespace online之后(回滚事务的前提是Undo可用)，数据完成打开操作之前(“Completed: alter database open”)。注意tx recovery并不要求数据库打开前完成，仅仅是在数据库打开之前由smon启动(“SMON: enabling tx recovery”)。
剩下的唯一的问题是，这里的cache recovery是什么？显然它不是官方文档中所描述的”cache recovery”，几乎没有任何文档介绍存在这样一个recovery操作，这也是本文重点要介绍的。
我们来看另一个演示，这个演示用以说明cache recovery还存在于最普通的不包含Crash Recovery的数据库打开过程中:
SQL> shutdown immediate; Database closed. Database dismounted. ORACLE instance shut down. SQL> startup mount; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 1065353216 bytes Fixed Size 2089336 bytes Variable Size 486542984 bytes Database Buffers 570425344 bytes Redo Buffers 6295552 bytes Database mounted. SQL> alter database open; Database altered. SQL> select * from v$version; BANNER ---------------------------------------------------------------- Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.4.0 - 64bi PL/SQL Release 10.2.0.4.0 - Production CORE 10.2.0.4.0 Production TNS for Linux: Version 10.2.0.4.0 - Production NLSRTL Version 10.2.0.4.0 - Production SQL> select * from global_name; GLOBAL_NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- www.oracledatabase12g.com ==================alert.log==================== alter database open Tue Jun 14 18:43:52 2011 LGWR: STARTING ARCH PROCESSES ARC0: Archival started LGWR: STARTING ARCH PROCESSES COMPLETE ARC0 started with pid=14, OS id=8133 Tue Jun 14 18:43:52 2011 Thread 1 opened at log sequence 1005 Current log# 3 seq# 1005 mem# 0: /flashcard/oradata/G10R2/onlinelog/o1_mf_3_6v34jpmp_.log Current log# 3 seq# 1005 mem# 1: /s01/flash_recovery_area/G10R2/onlinelog/o1_mf_3_6v34jpyn_.log Successful open of redo thread 1 Tue Jun 14 18:43:52 2011 ARC0: Becoming the 'no FAL' ARCH ARC0: Becoming the 'no SRL' ARCH ARC0: Becoming the heartbeat ARCH Tue Jun 14 18:43:52 2011 SMON: enabling cache recovery Tue Jun 14 18:43:53 2011 Successfully onlined Undo Tablespace 1. Tue Jun 14 18:43:53 2011 SMON: enabling tx recovery Database Characterset is UTF8 Opening with internal Resource Manager plan where NUMA PG = 1, CPUs = 2 replication_dependency_tracking turned off (no async multimaster replication found) Tue Jun 14 18:43:53 2011 Incremental checkpoint up to RBA [0x3ed.624.0], current log tail at RBA [0x3ed.944.0] Tue Jun 14 18:43:53 2011 Starting background process QMNC QMNC started with pid=15, OS id=8135 Tue Jun 14 18:43:53 2011 Completed: alter database open
因为是clean shutdown，所以这里不存在crash recovery。但这里同样出现了”SMON: enabling cache recovery”，可见cache recovery是每次实例启动instance startup必要执行的一种恢复操作。但问题是，这个恢复操作到底针对何种对象？
实际上cache recovery所要恢复的是rowcache，也就是我们常说的字典缓存(dictionary cache)。关于这个结论，肯定有很多人要问我这样说的依据是什么，对应于这个”cache recovery”的问题，我们很难从google中得到一些启示，因为它和官方文档所描述的”cache recovery-rolling forward”存在重名的关系。
为了证明cache recovery所恢复的是rowcache，我们需要一个实证，从正式的系统中得到验证。要做到这一点是比较困难的，我们需要Oracle愿意把整个database open的过程变成慢动作来供我们参考，验证要用到一些调试工具，例如gdb或者dbx。
我们首先将实例启动到mount状态，并对执行startup的LOCAL进程做gdb的breakpoint断点调试:
SQL> shutdown abort; ORACLE instance shut down. SQL> startup mount; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 1065353216 bytes Fixed Size 2089336 bytes Variable Size 486542984 bytes Database Buffers 570425344 bytes Redo Buffers 6295552 bytes Database mounted. 找出LOCAL进程的系统进程号SPID SQL> select spid from v$process 2 where addr in ( 3 select paddr from v$session 4 where sid=(select distinct sid from v$mystat)) 5 / SPID ------------ 8326 在实例startup nomount/mount后共享池的library cache就是可用的 SQL> select namespace from v$librarycache where gets!=0; NAMESPACE --------------- SQL AREA TABLE/PROCEDURE 而rowcache则尚未被填充，因为字典缓存来源于自举对象(bootstrap$)和字典基表 SQL> select parameter,count,gets from v$rowcache where count!=0; no rows selected 另开一个terminal窗口，并执行对LOCAL进程8326的gdb breakpoint调试 [oracle@rh2 ~]$ gdb $ORACLE_HOME/bin/oracle 8326 GNU gdb (GDB) Red Hat Enterprise Linux (7.0.1-23.el5) Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu". For bug reporting instructions, please see: ... Reading symbols from /s01/db_1/bin/oracle...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Attaching to program: /s01/db_1/bin/oracle, process 8326 Reading symbols from /s01/db_1/lib/libskgxp10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/db_1/lib/libskgxp10.so Reading symbols from /s01/db_1/lib/libhasgen10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/db_1/lib/libhasgen10.so Reading symbols from /s01/db_1/lib/libskgxn2.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/db_1/lib/libskgxn2.so Reading symbols from /s01/db_1/lib/libocr10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/db_1/lib/libocr10.so Reading symbols from /s01/db_1/lib/libocrb10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/db_1/lib/libocrb10.so Reading symbols from /s01/db_1/lib/libocrutl10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/db_1/lib/libocrutl10.so Reading symbols from /s01/db_1/lib/libjox10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/db_1/lib/libjox10.so Reading symbols from /s01/db_1/lib/libclsra10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/db_1/lib/libclsra10.so Reading symbols from /s01/db_1/lib/libdbcfg10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/db_1/lib/libdbcfg10.so Reading symbols from /s01/db_1/lib/libnnz10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/db_1/lib/libnnz10.so Reading symbols from /usr/lib64/libaio.so.1...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /usr/lib64/libaio.so.1 Reading symbols from /lib64/libdl.so.2...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/libdl.so.2 Reading symbols from /lib64/libm.so.6...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/libm.so.6 Reading symbols from /lib64/libpthread.so.0...(no debugging symbols found)...done. [Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled] Loaded symbols for /lib64/libpthread.so.0 Reading symbols from /lib64/libnsl.so.1...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/libnsl.so.1 Reading symbols from /lib64/libc.so.6...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/libc.so.6 Reading symbols from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 Reading symbols from /lib64/libnss_files.so.2...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/libnss_files.so.2 0x0000003181a0d8e0 in __read_nocancel () from /lib64/libpthread.so.0 输入断点kcrf_commit_force和kqlobjlod (gdb) break kcrf_commit_force Breakpoint 1 at 0x2724b6c (gdb) break kqlobjlod Breakpoint 2 at 0x1ac5e8c 在之前的terminal中执行数据库打开操作，因为breakpoint的关系这个open操作会hang住， 这时我们通过观察告警日志来了解恢复进度 SQL> alter database open; --这里会hang住 在gdb下输入continue， (gdb) c Continuing. Breakpoint 1, 0x0000000002724b6c in kcrf_commit_force () 观察告警日志可以发现redo application已经完成，但还未进入cache recovery阶段 alter database open Tue Jun 14 19:14:33 2011 Beginning crash recovery of 1 threads parallel recovery started with 2 processes Tue Jun 14 19:14:33 2011 Started redo scan Tue Jun 14 19:14:33 2011 Completed redo scan 39 redo blocks read, 74 data blocks need recovery Tue Jun 14 19:14:33 2011 Started redo application at Thread 1: logseq 1006, block 1155 Tue Jun 14 19:14:33 2011 Recovery of Online Redo Log: Thread 1 Group 1 Seq 1006 Reading mem 0 Mem# 0: /flashcard/oradata/G10R2/onlinelog/o1_mf_1_6v34jnkn_.log Mem# 1: /s01/flash_recovery_area/G10R2/onlinelog/o1_mf_1_6v34jnst_.log Tue Jun 14 19:14:33 2011 Completed redo application Tue Jun 14 19:14:33 2011 Completed crash recovery at Thread 1: logseq 1006, block 1194, scn 17200193 74 data blocks read, 74 data blocks written, 39 redo blocks read Tue Jun 14 19:14:33 2011 LGWR: STARTING ARCH PROCESSES ARC0: Archival started LGWR: STARTING ARCH PROCESSES COMPLETE ARC0 started with pid=17, OS id=8656 Tue Jun 14 19:14:33 2011 Thread 1 advanced to log sequence 1007 (thread open) Thread 1 opened at log sequence 1007 Current log# 2 seq# 1007 mem# 0: /flashcard/oradata/G10R2/onlinelog/o1_mf_2_6v34jokt_.log Current log# 2 seq# 1007 mem# 1: /s01/flash_recovery_area/G10R2/onlinelog/o1_mf_2_6v34jotq_.log Successful open of redo thread 1 Tue Jun 14 19:14:33 2011 ARC0: Becoming the 'no FAL' ARCH ARC0: Becoming the 'no SRL' ARCH ARC0: Becoming the heartbeat ARCH db_recovery_file_dest_size of 204800 MB is 6.81% used. This is a user-specified limit on the amount of space that will be used by this database for recovery-related files, and does not reflect the amount of space available in the underlying filesystem or ASM diskgroup. Tue Jun 14 19:14:37 2011 Incremental checkpoint up to RBA [0x3ef.3.0], current log tail at RBA [0x3ef.3.0] 且此时rowcache仍未被填充 SQL> select parameter,count,gets from v$rowcache where count!=0; no rows selected 在gdb界面下再次执行continue 2次 (gdb) c Continuing. Breakpoint 1, 0x0000000002724b6c in kcrf_commit_force () (gdb) c Continuing. Breakpoint 2, 0x0000000001ac5e8c in kqlobjlod () 观察告警日志可以发现已开始cache recovery，但也卡陷在cache recovery上，这保证我们的演示不受骚扰 Tue Jun 14 19:16:44 2011 SMON: enabling cache recovery 此时rowcache中出现唯一的一个dc_objects对象 select parameter,count,gets from v$rowcache where count!=0; PARAMETER COUNT GETS -------------------------------- ---------- ---------- dc_objects 1 1 这个对象是什么呢？也许你已经猜到了，我们做一个rowcache dump来看一下: SQL> ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'immediate trace name row_cache level 10'; ================row_cache trace=================== BUCKET 43170: row cache parent object: address=0x92326060 cid=8(dc_objects) hash=f3d1a8a1 typ=11 transaction=(nil) flags=00000001 own=0x92326130[0x9230f628,0x9230f628] wat=0x92326140[0x92326140,0x92326140] mode=S status=EMPTY/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/- set=0, complete=FALSE data= 00000000 4f42000a 5453544f 24504152 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 BUCKET 43170 total object count=1 可以看到上述dc_objects尚未完成加载(status=EMPTY & complete=FALSE )，那么这是一个什么object呢？ 4f42000a 5453544f 24504152 => 转换为文本即：OB TSTO$PAR也就是BOOTSTRAP$ 换而言之在cache recovery时第一个恢复的字典缓存对象是BOOTSTRAP$，这并不出乎我们的意料。 启动实例的LOCAL进程的等待事件为instance state change，这是常规情况下我们观察不到得 SQL> select event,p1text,p1 from v$session where wait_class!='Idle'; EVENT P1TEXT P1 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- instance state change layer 2 在gdb界面下再次continue，将载入更多的rowcache对象 (gdb) c Continuing. Breakpoint 2, 0x0000000001ac5e8c in kqlobjlod () BUCKET 37: row cache parent object: address=0x916cd980 cid=3(dc_rollback_segments) hash=5fed2a24 typ=9 transaction=(nil) flags=000000a6 own=0x916cda50[0x916cda50,0x916cda50] wat=0x916cda60[0x916cda60,0x916cda60] mode=N status=VALID/INSERT/-/FIXED/-/-/-/-/- data= 00000000 00000000 00000001 00000009 59530006 4d455453 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000003 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 BUCKET 37 total object count=1 595300064d455453 -> SYSTEM 属于dc_rollback_segments 也就是著名的system回滚段 BUCKET 55556: row cache parent object: address=0x916d8cd0 cid=8(dc_objects) hash=ce89d903 typ=11 transaction=(nil) flags=00000001 own=0x916d8da0[0x9230f628,0x9230f628] wat=0x916d8db0[0x916d8db0,0x916d8db0] mode=S status=EMPTY/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/- set=0, complete=FALSE data= 00000000 5f430006 234a424f 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000005 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 BUCKET 55556 total object count=1 5f430006 234a424f -> C_OBJ# 是著名的bootstrap对象之一，可以从$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/sql.bsq中找到它 create rollback segment SYSTEM tablespace SYSTEM storage (initial 50K next 50K) / create cluster c_obj# (obj# number) pctfree 5 size 800 /* don't waste too much space */ /* A table of 32 cols, 2 index, 2 col per index requires about 2K. * A table of 10 cols, 2 index, 2 col per index requires about 750. */ storage (initial 130K next 200k maxextents unlimited pctincrease 0) /* avoid space management during IOR I */ / 我们还可以通过v$rowcache_parent视图来了解dictionary cache的情况 SQL> col cache_name for a20 SQL> col keystr for a31 SQL> set linesize 200 SQL> select address,cache_name,existent,lock_mode,saddr,substr(key,1,30) keystr from v$rowcache_parent; ADDRESS CACHE_NAME E LOCK_MODE SADDR KEYSTR ---------------- -------------------- - ---------- ---------------- ------------------------------- 00000000916CCE20 dc_tablespaces N 0 00 000000000000000000000000000000 00000000916CD980 dc_rollback_segments Y 0 00 000000000000000000000000000000 0000000092326060 dc_objects Y 0 00 000000000A00424F4F545354524150 00000000916D8CD0 dc_objects N 3 000000009BD91328 000000000600435F4F424A23000000 00000000916DA830 dc_object_ids Y 0 00 380000000000000000000000000000 可以看到持有row cache lock的会话是'000000009BD91328'， 且该dc_objects对象还处于non-existent状态， 换而言之真正装载rowcache的是启动实例的LOCAL服务进程 SQL> select sid,program,event,p1,p2,p3 from v$session where saddr='000000009BD91328'; SID PROGRAM EVENT P1 P2 P3 ----- ------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -- ---- -- 3294 [email protected] (TNS V1-V3) db file scattered read 1 378 3 该进程正在等待db file scattered read，fileid->1,block-378，这些块属于BOOTSTRAP$表 BOOTSTRAP$对象已从rowcache被载入到library cache中 SQL> select kglhdadr,kglnaobj from x$kglob where kglobtyp=2 and kglnaobj not like 'X$%'; KGLHDADR KGLNAOBJ -------------------- -------------------- 0000000092326990 BOOTSTRAP$ SQL> select owner||'.'||Name from v$db_object_cache where type='TABLE' and name not like 'X$%'; OWNER||'.'||NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SYS.BOOTSTRAP$
初步总结：
- 在数据库正式open前需要恢复字典缓存，这个步骤被称为cache recovery，其实是row cache recovery。与官方文档中描述的”cache recovery”不同，row cache recovery应当是Oracle Internal的叫法。
- 实际执行row cache recovery的不是SMON进程，而是启动实例的服务进程