假如一个对象由许多不同的属性构造,我们想要构造一个我们自己指定特定属性的对象,最简单的方法就是为每种情况提供一个构造函数,我们根据不要的构造函数来得到我们需要的包含了指定属性的对象。我们还是举个例子吧。
一个人有姓名、性别、年龄、身高,体重这五个属性组成,当我们创建一个人这个对象的时候,我们可能有下面这些情况:
1、只希望指定姓名
2、只希望指定性别
3、只希望指定年龄
4、只希望指定身高
5、只希望指定体重
6、只希望指定姓名和性别
7、只希望指定姓名和年龄
8、只希望指定姓名和身高
9、只希望指定姓名和体重
10、只希望指定性别和年龄
11、只希望指定性别和身高
12、……
上面就不一样列举了,就是一个排列组合问题,是不是有些凌乱了,如果一个对象的属性更多,那情况就更多了,显然把所以执行情况的构造函数都写出来不是一个明智的选择,因为想想你要写多少个构造函数,好恐怖,不敢想象。
那我们有没有一种方法来解决这个问题呢?这里我们就要使用建造者模式,它就是单独的来对一个对象进行构造,将一个复杂的构建与其表示相分离,使得同样的构建过程可以创建不同的表示。也就是说它来完成对象的构造过程,并且这个过程可以构造出上面我们所说的所有我们希望得到的对象。
建造模式是将复杂的内部创建封装在内部,对于外部调用的人来说,只需要传入建造者和建造工具,对于内部是如何建造成成品的,调用者无需关心。
针对上面所说的那个包含了5个属性的对象,我们使用构建者模式如何完成,下面我们来看看。
1、定义一个Person类,他包含了所有属性的get,set方法。
public class Person {
private String name;
private boolean sex;
private int age;
private float height;
private float weight;
public Person(String name, boolean sex, int age, float height, float weight) {
this.name = name;
this.sex = sex;
this.age = age;
this.height = height;
this.weight = weight;
}
}
2、创建一个Builder类
public class Builder {
private String name;
private boolean sex;
private int age;
private float height;
private float weight;
public Builder setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
return this;
}
public Builder setSex(boolean sex) {
this.sex = sex;
return this;
}
public Builder setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
return this;
}
public Builder setHeight(float height) {
this.height = height;
return this;
}
public Builder setWeight(float weight) {
this.weight = weight;
return this;
}
public Person create() {
return new Person(name, sex, age, height, weight);
}
}
上面我们就写好了这个构造过程了。现在就可以根据我们的需要来得到任何我们想要的对象。
Builder builder = new Builder();
builder.setName("Mirhunana");
builder.setAge(23);
Perons person = builder.create();
上面我们就得到了一个我们想要的对象,很方便,很简单。
上面就是构建者的基本思想,现实我们的使用的时候,可能会做出不同的变形,但是基本思想是不变的。下面我们来讲讲完整的构建者模式。
如下图所示。
它分为抽象建造者(Builder)角色、具体建造者(ConcreteBuilder)角色、导演者(Director)角色、产品(Product)角色四个角色。
抽象建造者(Builder)角色:给 出一个抽象接口,以规范产品对象的各个组成成分的建造。一般而言,此接口独立于应用程序的商业逻辑。模式中直接创建产品对象的是具体建造者 (ConcreteBuilder)角色。具体建造者类必须实现这个接口所要求的两种方法:一种是建造方法(buildPart1和 buildPart2),另一种是返还结构方法(retrieveResult)。一般来说,产品所包含的零件数目与建造方法的数目相符。换言之,有多少 零件,就有多少相应的建造方法。
具体建造者(ConcreteBuilder)角色:担任这个角色的是与应用程序紧密相关的一些类,它们在应用程序调用下创建产品的实例。这个角色要完成的任务包括:1.实现抽象建造者Builder所声明的接口,给出一步一步地完成创建产品实例的操作。2.在建造过程完成后,提供产品的实例。
导演者(Director)角色:担任这个角色的类调用具体建造者角色以创建产品对象。应当指出的是,导演者角色并没有产品类的具体知识,真正拥有产品类的具体知识的是具体建造者角色。
产品(Product)角色:产品便是建造中的复杂对象。一般来说,一个系统中会有多于一个的产品类,而且这些产品类并不一定有共同的接口,而完全可以是不相关联的。
下面为了说明这个完整的过程,我们对上面我们写的那个构建者模式进行改进。
1、产品类Product
就是上面的Person
2、抽象建造者类Builder,就是上面的Builder的接口,目的就是为了为构造者提供统一的接口
public interface Builder {
public Builder setName(String name);
public Builder setSex(boolean sex);
public Builder setAge(int age);
public Builder setHeight(float height);
public Builder setWeight(float weight);
public Person create();
}
3、 具体建造者类ConcreteBuilder,就是前面的Builder,只是它实现了一个共同的Builder接口
public class ConcreteBuilder implements Builder {
private String name;
private boolean sex;
private int age;
private float height;
private float weight;
public Builder setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
return this;
}
public Builder setSex(boolean sex) {
this.sex = sex;
return this;
}
public Builder setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
return this;
}
public Builder setHeight(float height) {
this.height = height;
return this;
}
public Builder setWeight(float weight) {
this.weight = weight;
return this;
}
public Person create() {
return new Person(name, sex, age, height, weight);
}
}
4、导演者类Director,它就是操作builder对象的
public class Director {
private Builder builder;
public Director(Builder builder){
this.builder = builder;
}
public void construct(String name, boolean sex, int age, float height, float weight) {
builder.setName(name);
builder.setSex(sex);
builder.setAge(age);
builder.setHeight(height);
builder.setWeight(weight);
}
}
5、客户端代码
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Builder builder = new ConcreteBuilder();
Director pcDirector = new Director(builder);
pcDirector.construct("Mirhunana", true, 23, 180, 100);
Person person = builder.create();
}
}
下面我们来看看Android中的构建者模式吧,最经典的就是AlertDialog了,下面来看看它的用法。
private void showDialog(Context context) {
AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(context);
builder.setIcon(R.drawable.icon);
builder.setTitle("Title");
builder.setMessage("Message");
builder.setPositiveButton("Button1",
new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) {
setTitle("点击了对话框上的Button1");
}
});
builder.setNeutralButton("Button2",
new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) {
setTitle("点击了对话框上的Button2");
}
});
builder.setNegativeButton("Button3",
new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) {
setTitle("点击了对话框上的Button3");
}
});
builder.create().show(); // 构建AlertDialog, 并且显示
}
很显然AlertDialog内部有一个Builder类,它就是用来根据我们的需要构造AlertDialog的。
下面我们来看看这个Builder类。
public static class Builder {
private final AlertController.AlertParams P;
private int mTheme;
public Builder(Context context) {
this(context, resolveDialogTheme(context, 0));
}
public Builder(Context context, int theme) {
P = new AlertController.AlertParams(new ContextThemeWrapper(
context, resolveDialogTheme(context, theme)));
mTheme = theme;
}
public Context getContext() {
return P.mContext;
}
public Builder setTitle(int titleId) {
P.mTitle = P.mContext.getText(titleId);
return this;
}
public Builder setTitle(CharSequence title) {
P.mTitle = title;
return this;
}
public Builder setCustomTitle(View customTitleView) {
P.mCustomTitleView = customTitleView;
return this;
}
public Builder setMessage(int messageId) {
P.mMessage = P.mContext.getText(messageId);
return this;
}
public Builder setMessage(CharSequence message) {
P.mMessage = message;
return this;
}
public Builder setIcon(int iconId) {
P.mIconId = iconId;
return this;
}
public Builder setIcon(Drawable icon) {
P.mIcon = icon;
return this;
}
public Builder setIconAttribute(int attrId) {
TypedValue out = new TypedValue();
P.mContext.getTheme().resolveAttribute(attrId, out, true);
P.mIconId = out.resourceId;
return this;
}
public Builder setPositiveButton(int textId, final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mPositiveButtonText = P.mContext.getText(textId);
P.mPositiveButtonListener = listener;
return this;
}
public Builder setPositiveButton(CharSequence text, final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mPositiveButtonText = text;
P.mPositiveButtonListener = listener;
return this;
}
public Builder setNegativeButton(int textId, final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mNegativeButtonText = P.mContext.getText(textId);
P.mNegativeButtonListener = listener;
return this;
}
public Builder setNegativeButton(CharSequence text, final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mNegativeButtonText = text;
P.mNegativeButtonListener = listener;
return this;
}
public Builder setNeutralButton(int textId, final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mNeutralButtonText = P.mContext.getText(textId);
P.mNeutralButtonListener = listener;
return this;
}
public Builder setNeutralButton(CharSequence text, final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mNeutralButtonText = text;
P.mNeutralButtonListener = listener;
return this;
}
public Builder setCancelable(boolean cancelable) {
P.mCancelable = cancelable;
return this;
}
public Builder setOnCancelListener(OnCancelListener onCancelListener) {
P.mOnCancelListener = onCancelListener;
return this;
}
public Builder setOnDismissListener(OnDismissListener onDismissListener) {
P.mOnDismissListener = onDismissListener;
return this;
}
public Builder setOnKeyListener(OnKeyListener onKeyListener) {
P.mOnKeyListener = onKeyListener;
return this;
}
public Builder setItems(int itemsId, final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mItems = P.mContext.getResources().getTextArray(itemsId);
P.mOnClickListener = listener;
return this;
}
public Builder setItems(CharSequence[] items, final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mItems = items;
P.mOnClickListener = listener;
return this;
}
public Builder setAdapter(final ListAdapter adapter, final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mAdapter = adapter;
P.mOnClickListener = listener;
return this;
}
public Builder setCursor(final Cursor cursor, final OnClickListener listener,
String labelColumn) {
P.mCursor = cursor;
P.mLabelColumn = labelColumn;
P.mOnClickListener = listener;
return this;
}
public Builder setMultiChoiceItems(int itemsId, boolean[] checkedItems,
final OnMultiChoiceClickListener listener) {
P.mItems = P.mContext.getResources().getTextArray(itemsId);
P.mOnCheckboxClickListener = listener;
P.mCheckedItems = checkedItems;
P.mIsMultiChoice = true;
return this;
}
public Builder setMultiChoiceItems(CharSequence[] items, boolean[] checkedItems,
final OnMultiChoiceClickListener listener) {
P.mItems = items;
P.mOnCheckboxClickListener = listener;
P.mCheckedItems = checkedItems;
P.mIsMultiChoice = true;
return this;
}
public Builder setMultiChoiceItems(Cursor cursor, String isCheckedColumn, String labelColumn,
final OnMultiChoiceClickListener listener) {
P.mCursor = cursor;
P.mOnCheckboxClickListener = listener;
P.mIsCheckedColumn = isCheckedColumn;
P.mLabelColumn = labelColumn;
P.mIsMultiChoice = true;
return this;
}
public Builder setSingleChoiceItems(int itemsId, int checkedItem,
final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mItems = P.mContext.getResources().getTextArray(itemsId);
P.mOnClickListener = listener;
P.mCheckedItem = checkedItem;
P.mIsSingleChoice = true;
return this;
}
public Builder setSingleChoiceItems(Cursor cursor, int checkedItem, String labelColumn,
final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mCursor = cursor;
P.mOnClickListener = listener;
P.mCheckedItem = checkedItem;
P.mLabelColumn = labelColumn;
P.mIsSingleChoice = true;
return this;
}
public Builder setSingleChoiceItems(CharSequence[] items, int checkedItem, final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mItems = items;
P.mOnClickListener = listener;
P.mCheckedItem = checkedItem;
P.mIsSingleChoice = true;
return this;
}
public Builder setSingleChoiceItems(ListAdapter adapter, int checkedItem, final OnClickListener listener) {
P.mAdapter = adapter;
P.mOnClickListener = listener;
P.mCheckedItem = checkedItem;
P.mIsSingleChoice = true;
return this;
}
public Builder setOnItemSelectedListener(final AdapterView.OnItemSelectedListener listener) {
P.mOnItemSelectedListener = listener;
return this;
}
public Builder setView(View view) {
P.mView = view;
P.mViewSpacingSpecified = false;
return this;
}
public Builder setInverseBackgroundForced(boolean useInverseBackground) {
P.mForceInverseBackground = useInverseBackground;
return this;
}
public AlertDialog create() {
final AlertDialog dialog = new AlertDialog(P.mContext, mTheme, false);
P.apply(dialog.mAlert);
dialog.setCancelable(P.mCancelable);
if (P.mCancelable) {
dialog.setCanceledOnTouchOutside(true);
}
dialog.setOnCancelListener(P.mOnCancelListener);
dialog.setOnDismissListener(P.mOnDismissListener);
if (P.mOnKeyListener != null) {
dialog.setOnKeyListener(P.mOnKeyListener);
}
return dialog;
}
public AlertDialog show() {
AlertDialog dialog = create();
dialog.show();
return dialog;
}
}
它的做法就是:
1、在构造函数里面创建一个AlertParams对象用来缓存AlertDialog的所有属性,另外单独定义一个theme来缓存AlertDialog的主题。
public Builder(Context context, int theme) {
P = new AlertController.AlertParams(new ContextThemeWrapper(
context, resolveDialogTheme(context, theme)));
mTheme = theme;
}
2、我们可以通过一系类的set函数,主要就是把我们设置的属性缓存到AlertParams这个对象里面。
3、调用create函数,它的操作就是创建一个AlertDialog对象,然后把AlertParams里面缓存的属性全部应用到AlertDialog上面去。我们来看看它的具体操作。
(1) 创建AlertDialog对象
final AlertDialog dialog = new AlertDialog(P.mContext, mTheme, false);
(2) 把缓存的属性全部设置到AlertDialog上面去
P.apply(dialog.mAlert);
dialog.setCancelable(P.mCancelable);
if (P.mCancelable) {
dialog.setCanceledOnTouchOutside(true);
}
dialog.setOnCancelListener(P.mOnCancelListener);
dialog.setOnDismissListener(P.mOnDismissListener);
if (P.mOnKeyListener != null) {
dialog.setOnKeyListener(P.mOnKeyListener);
}
首先我们来看看apply函数。
public void apply(AlertController dialog) {
if (mCustomTitleView != null) {
dialog.setCustomTitle(mCustomTitleView);
} else {
if (mTitle != null) {
dialog.setTitle(mTitle);
}
if (mIcon != null) {
dialog.setIcon(mIcon);
}
if (mIconId >= 0) {
dialog.setIcon(mIconId);
}
if (mIconAttrId > 0) {
dialog.setIcon(dialog.getIconAttributeResId(mIconAttrId));
}
}
if (mMessage != null) {
dialog.setMessage(mMessage);
}
if (mPositiveButtonText != null) {
dialog.setButton(DialogInterface.BUTTON_POSITIVE, mPositiveButtonText,
mPositiveButtonListener, null);
}
if (mNegativeButtonText != null) {
dialog.setButton(DialogInterface.BUTTON_NEGATIVE, mNegativeButtonText,
mNegativeButtonListener, null);
}
if (mNeutralButtonText != null) {
dialog.setButton(DialogInterface.BUTTON_NEUTRAL, mNeutralButtonText,
mNeutralButtonListener, null);
}
if (mForceInverseBackground) {
dialog.setInverseBackgroundForced(true);
}
// For a list, the client can either supply an array of items or an
// adapter or a cursor
if ((mItems != null) || (mCursor != null) || (mAdapter != null)) {
createListView(dialog);
}
if (mView != null) {
if (mViewSpacingSpecified) {
dialog.setView(mView, mViewSpacingLeft, mViewSpacingTop, mViewSpacingRight,
mViewSpacingBottom);
} else {
dialog.setView(mView);
}
}
/* dialog.setCancelable(mCancelable); dialog.setOnCancelListener(mOnCancelListener); if (mOnKeyListener != null) { dialog.setOnKeyListener(mOnKeyListener); } */
}
可以看到AlertParams的这个函数就是把自己内部缓存的属性值全部设置到了AlertDialog里面。
上面的思想跟我们前面将的基本相同,唯一的不同就是,它里面创建了一个属性容器AlertParams,用来存放AlertDialog所有的属性,最后会将这些属性应用到AlertDialog身上,前面我们将的是直接在Builder内部来操作Product对象,也相当于这里的AlertDialog。
另外一个地方也用到了这种构建者模式,那就是我们在创建自定义的Notification的时候。
具体我们来看看Notification里面的setLatestEventInfo函数。
public void setLatestEventInfo(Context context,
CharSequence contentTitle, CharSequence contentText, PendingIntent contentIntent) {
Notification.Builder builder = new Notification.Builder(context);
// First, ensure that key pieces of information that may have been set directly
// are preserved
builder.setWhen(this.when);
builder.setSmallIcon(this.icon);
builder.setPriority(this.priority);
builder.setTicker(this.tickerText);
builder.setNumber(this.number);
builder.mFlags = this.flags;
builder.setSound(this.sound, this.audioStreamType);
builder.setDefaults(this.defaults);
builder.setVibrate(this.vibrate);
// now apply the latestEventInfo fields
if (contentTitle != null) {
builder.setContentTitle(contentTitle);
}
if (contentText != null) {
builder.setContentText(contentText);
}
builder.setContentIntent(contentIntent);
builder.buildInto(this);
}
可以看到我们设置Notification属性,它也是通过构建者模式,它的做法又有些不同,就是它直接把Notification属性都缓存在Builder对象里面,然后通过builder.buildInto(this)把builder里面的属性应用到this上,这里的this就是Notification对象本身,因为setLatestEventInfo是它的一个成员函数。
我们可以来大概看看Buidler对象里面的属性。
public static class Builder {
private static final int MAX_ACTION_BUTTONS = 3;
private Context mContext;
private long mWhen;
private int mSmallIcon;
private int mSmallIconLevel;
private int mNumber;
private CharSequence mContentTitle;
private CharSequence mContentText;
private CharSequence mContentInfo;
private CharSequence mSubText;
private PendingIntent mContentIntent;
private RemoteViews mContentView;
private PendingIntent mDeleteIntent;
private PendingIntent mFullScreenIntent;
private CharSequence mTickerText;
private RemoteViews mTickerView;
private Bitmap mLargeIcon;
private Uri mSound;
private int mAudioStreamType;
private long[] mVibrate;
private int mLedArgb;
private int mLedOnMs;
private int mLedOffMs;
private int mDefaults;
private int mFlags;
private int mProgressMax;
private int mProgress;
private boolean mProgressIndeterminate;
private ArrayList<String> mKindList = new ArrayList<String>(1);
private Bundle mExtras;
private int mPriority;
private ArrayList<Action> mActions = new ArrayList<Action>(MAX_ACTION_BUTTONS);
private boolean mUseChronometer;
private Style mStyle;
private boolean mShowWhen = true;
......
......
}
从这里我们就可以看到,确实他内部定义了很多成员变量来存放Notification的属性,最后它会通过builder.buildInto(this)函数把这些属性应用到Notificaition身上,这样达到了为Notificaiton设置属性的目的。我们来看看buildInto函数。
public Notification buildInto(Notification n) {
build().cloneInto(n, true);
return n;
}
它内部通过build函数来来创建一个Notification对象,然后把它里面缓存的属性应用到这个Notification上面,最后通过cloneInto把创建的这个Notification对象复制给传进来的这个Notification,也就是我们真正的Notification,这样最终就把所有的属性应用到我们的Notification上面。
1、Builder里面的build()创建一个Notification,并且把Builder里面缓存的属性都应用到这个Notification上面。
2、Builder里面的cloneInto函数,把我们创建的Notificaiton复制给传进来的Notification,这样我们的Notification就拥有这些属性。
具体的源码这里就不展示了,可以看看自定义Notification和Toast这篇文章,
我们可以看到Builder构建者的使用非常灵活,但是思路和思想确实一致的,我们关键需要把握思想。
参考文章:
Android设计模式源码解析之Builder模式