TOEFL(20151212)分析

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R1：欧洲政府发展的背景

全文逻辑

全文主要讲述欧洲政府发展的背景，是由一个阶级开始发展起来的，并且随着欧洲西部经济的发展，政府的作用变得越来越明显。对比中国政府，东欧政府等等，欧洲西部的文化很难统一，后来政府开始对军队，设置议会等等措施，政府的作用变得更加高效。

词汇

Bureau n. 办事处

Tax n. 税收

Consolidate v. 强化

Parliament n. 议会

 

R2：动物的智商

全文逻辑

对于不同动物的学习能力作检测。首先是猴子和另外一种动物做实验，因为猴子的脑袋大，所以智商的测试效果好。后来用一个反例推翻，即另一种脑袋很小的动物，测试结果也非常好。说明动物的处理问题的能力不同而已，并非智商区别。比如海豚并没有通过眼睛来看，但是它的听觉非常灵敏，并无法说明测试的结果反映了它的智商水平。

词汇

Intelligence quotient n. 智商

Counterexample n. 反例

Hearing n. 听觉

Vision n. 视觉

 

R3：鸟类的食物存储

全文逻辑

鸟类的困难时期其一是食物少，其二是食物的营养价值不够。小鸟很难储存食物过活，大鸟比较容易通过储存食物来过活。鸟类将存储的食物分开，防止被盗。另外鸟类还会通过冬眠等手段来进行降低体能消耗。

词汇

Nutrient value n. 营养价值

Storage n. 存储

Hibernation n. 冬眠

Consume v. 消耗

 

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C1：参加活动

全文逻辑

女生错过了活动上车的地点。男生说活动特别好。解决办法是男生帮忙把女生的车票转卖了。最后，男生给女生钱，女生下周还可以去看很棒的活动。

词汇

Concert n. 音乐会

Clerk n. 职员

Ticket n. 票

 

L1 ：画风的演变

全文逻辑

全文主要讲述写实派到抽象派的转变。抽象派没有具体的轮廓，唤起观众的情感。例子中一个画家兼职音乐家，风格是将声音和颜色联系起来，这个画家兼音乐家将这种画风成为共鸣。最后实验表明这个画家的观点是对的。

词汇

Abstract image n. 抽象派画风

Painter n. 画家

Musician n. 音乐家

Synthesis n. 综合推理

 

L2：恐龙灭绝

全文逻辑

恐龙灭绝的原因是彗星碰撞还是火山爆发。彗星碰撞的理由是IR元素，因为IR元素只有通过外星球带过来，而且时间和恐龙灭绝的时间很吻合，撞击后地球的大量的尘埃挡住太阳光，然后生物大灭绝。教授不支持彗星撞地球假说，他认为火山爆发产生很多火山灰，然后改变地球气候，这是一个漫长的过程，同时也通过昆虫和鸟类的化石说明很多物种并没有灭绝，所以教授并不支持彗星撞地球的假说。

词汇

Comet n. 彗星

Exoplanet n. 外星球

Collision n. 碰撞

Ash n. 火山灰

 

C2 ：外太空生命

全文逻辑

探索外太空生命迹象。通过行星距离太阳的距离，以及行星的年龄，说明行星可能存在生命。例子中，小孩的三个球，一个冷一个热一个正好，用于验证假说。

词汇

Outer space n. 外太空

Fairy tale n. 童话

Galaxy n. 星系

 

L3：南美洲

全文逻辑

全文主要讲述的是南美洲。太平洋的一个三角形的地区不知道是哪个大洲的古人先到的。有几个证据包括地球的板块运动，支持了是南美洲的先人先到的。另外一个是探讨番茄是怎么传到印度洋岛屿的，说了两种途径，其一是欧洲人带过去的，后来发现是南美洲传过去的。还有一个是探讨一个鸡物种的传播，最后通过南美洲的化石发现是南美洲传播过去的。

词汇

Triangle area n. 三角形地区

Plate movement n. 板块运动

Propagate v. 蔓延

The Indian Ocean n. 印度洋

 

L4: 共生关系

全文逻辑

全文主要讲述的是共生关系。动物的卵和藻类的关系。卵化之后，藻类和卵都相互共生，共同成长的更好了。研究表明，卵的免疫系统其一是还没有发育好，其二是抗体太少，所以卵的免疫系统不会攻击藻类。

词汇

Symbiotic relationship n. 共生关系

Egg n. 卵

Algae n. 藻类

Immune system n. 免疫系统

Assault v. 攻击

 

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S1：演讲类

问题

If your university is going to invite someone to give a speech, who do you think they should invite? A businessman, a scientist or a politician?

回答

Well, personally, I think it is a good idea to invite a scientist to give a speech in my university. One important reason is that students can benefit academically from a scientist’s speech. Take myself for an example. Last year, my university invited a computer scientist to my college. I learnt a lot from his speech, especially his amazing life stories, his experience. Every time I meet some difficulties when I am programing, and want to give up, I would turn to the computer scientist speech, it would inspire me a lot and make it in the end. So that is why I think university should invite a scientist to give a speech.

 

S2：日常生活类

问题

If you have a misunderstanding with your friend, do you prefer talking it out in a public place or in a private place?

回答

Well, personally, I would like to talk with my friend in a private place. One important reason is that we would feel more comfortable. Take my mom for an example. Yesterday I went to supermarket with my best friend, and we got into a flight. At first, I want to make an apology to him, but he prevented me from doing that, because it would make him felt embarrassed. After going back home, I apologized for my mistakes and things went better. So that is why I think I prefer to talk it out in a private place.

 

S3：课程类

问题

学校打算在星期天提供低学费的商学院的课程。女生同意。其一是星期天有空，学生可以去上课。其二是低学费学生可以负担的起。

回答

The university announces that it is going to offer an low-fee business courses on Saturday. The woman agree with this. One important reason is that students who take full-time job, are able to have time to take the course. Another important reason is that the fee of the course is low enough, so that students are able to afford it.

 

S4：心理类

问题

教授探讨厌恶损失。教授被商场弄错了多付10美元，立刻开车返回商场要回10美元。咖啡店免费送10美元的活动，教授懒得参加。这就是厌恶损失。

回答

The professor talks about an academic term named loss aversion. It means that we are unhappy for losing our own money. In the example, the supermarket makes a mistake, so that the professor should pay another 10 dollars. But after realized it's the market’s fault, the professor drives back and gets back that 10 dollars. While he shows no interest in the new cafe, where he can get 10 dollars without any effort.

 

S5：课外活动类

问题

女生要去露营，但是天气不好。办法一是下周再去，但是有些同学不能去。办法二是带把伞。

回答

The woman has a problem that she is going to camp, but it is going to rain. There are two possible solutions, the first solution is rescheduling the plan and camping next week, the second solution is to bring a raincoat. Personally, I think she should take a raincoat. The first reason is that they will never get wet as long as taking a raincoat. Another important reason is that if she chooses rescheduling the plan, some students may not able to attend the activity.

 

S6：雨林类

问题

教授讲述了雨林的两种特征。其一是温暖的气候，兰科植物可以很好地生长。其二是树顶，所以树顶盖住阳光，顶上和树下的区别是很大的。

回答

The professor talks about two characters of rainforest. The first one is warm climate. In the example, orchids are sensitive to temperature, the temperature in the rainforest is mild, that the orchids can survive in the rainforest. The second one is canopy, the canopy created by the layers and layers of leaves can block the sunlight, so that the environment on the ground is quite different from the canopy. A plant can survive at the height will die once falls onto the ground.

 

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W1：生物类

问题

犀牛数量减少的原因，其一是母犀牛不孕，其二是犀牛的脚部疾病，其三是犀牛脑袋有问题。听力反对，其一是不孕是吃东西引起的，补充适当的食物就能解决，其二是医疗设备先进了，脚部疾病可以很快地治疗了，其三是母犀牛太老了，不能让她怀孕，让年轻的母牛怀孕就能解决问题。

词汇

Rhinoceros n. 犀牛

Infertility n. 不孕

Hormone n. 激素

Trigger v. 引发

Medical equipment n. 医疗设备

Advanced adj. 先进的

Treatment n. 治疗

Replenish v. 补充

 

W2：环境类

问题

Some companies provide important products or service, but also damage environment. Some people believe that government should require more penalty, higher tax and larger fine of these companies, while others believe there are better ways. Which do you prefer?

词汇

Air pollution n. 空气污染

Physical well-being n. 身体健康

Alternative adj. 可替代的

Eternally adv. 永恒地

Emission n. 排放

Skyscraper n. 大楼

Harsh adj. 艰难地

Penalty n. 罚金

Shut down v. 关闭