HIVE 数据定义 DDL

Databases in Hive -- 在HIVE 中使用数据库

Hive offers no support for row-level inserts, updates, and deletes.

Hive doesn’t support transactions. Hive adds ex-tensions to provide
better performance in the context of Hadoop and to integrate with

custom extensions and even external programs.

Hive 不支持行级插入，更新，删除。也不支持事务

创建数据库

hive> CREATE DATABASE financials;

仓库数据库判断数据库是否存在

hive> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS financials;

显示现在有的数据库

hive> SHOW DATABASES;
default
financials
hive> CREATE DATABASE human_resources;
hive> SHOW DATABASES;
default
financials
human_resources

条件查询数据库

hive> SHOW DATABASES LIKE 'h.*';
human_resources
hive> ...

创建指定存放文件位置 数据库

hive> CREATE DATABASE financials
    > LOCATION '/my/preferred/directory';

创建数据库时 添加注释信息

hive> CREATE DATABASE financials
    > COMMENT 'Holds all financial tables';
hive> DESCRIBE DATABASE financials;
financials   Holds all financial tables
  hdfs://master-server/user/hive/warehouse/financials.db

创建数据库 添加扩展信息

hive> CREATE DATABASE financials
    > WITH DBPROPERTIES ('creator' = 'Mark Moneybags', 'date' = '2012-01-02');
hive> DESCRIBE DATABASE financials;
financials   hdfs://master-server/user/hive/warehouse/financials.db
hive> DESCRIBE DATABASE EXTENDED financials;
financials   hdfs://master-server/user/hive/warehouse/financials.db
 {date=2012-01-02, creator=Mark Moneybags);

使用数据库

hive> USE financials;

设置显示当前数据库

hive> set hive.cli.print.current.db=true;
hive (financials)> USE default;
hive (default)> set hive.cli.print.current.db=false;
hive> ...

删除数据库

hive> DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS financials;

当数据库存在表时，先要删除表 再能删除数据库

hive> DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS financials CASCADE;

Alter Database -- 修改数据库

hive> ALTER DATABASE financials SET DBPROPERTIES ('edited-by' = 'Joe Dba');

There is no way to delete or “unset” a DBPROPERTY 没有方法删除或重置 DBPROPERTY

Creating Tables -- 创建表

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS mydb.employees (
  name         STRING COMMENT 'Employee name',
  salary       FLOAT  COMMENT 'Employee salary',
  subordinates ARRAY<STRING> COMMENT 'Names of subordinates',
  deductions   MAP<STRING, FLOAT>
               COMMENT 'Keys are deductions names, values are percentages
  address      STRUCT<street:STRING, city:STRING, state:STRING, zip:INT>
               COMMENT 'Home address')
COMMENT 'Description of the table'
TBLPROPERTIES ('creator'='me', 'created_at'='2012-01-02 10:00:00', ...)
LOCATION '/user/hive/warehouse/mydb.db/employees';

创建表-复制表结构

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS mydb.employees2
LIKE mydb.employees;

显示某个数据库中的表

hive> USE mydb;
hive> SHOW TABLES;
employees
table1
table2

hive> USE default;
hive> SHOW TABLES IN mydb;
employees

显示指定筛选条件 表名

hive> USE mydb;
hive> SHOW TABLES 'empl.*';
employees

显示表扩展信息

hive> DESCRIBE EXTENDED mydb.employees;
name    string  Employee name
salary  float   Employee salary
subordinates    array<string>   Names of subordinates
deductions      map<string,float> Keys are deductions names, values are percentages
address struct<street:string,city:string,state:string,zip:int>  Home address
Detailed Table Information      Table(tableName:employees, dbName:mydb, owner:me,
...
location:hdfs://master-server/user/hive/warehouse/mydb.db/employees,
parameters:{creator=me, created_at='2012-01-02 10:00:00',
            last_modified_user=me, last_modified_time=1337544510,
            comment:Description of the table, ...}, ...)

指定显示某个字段的信息

hive> DESCRIBE mydb.employees.salary;
salary  float   Employee salary

External Tables -- 外部表

外部表，删除表不删除数据

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS stocks (
  exchange        STRING,
  symbol          STRING,
  ymd             STRING,
  price_open      FLOAT,
  price_high      FLOAT,
  price_low       FLOAT,
  price_close     FLOAT,
  volume          INT,
  price_adj_close FLOAT)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
LOCATION '/data/stocks';

复制表结构仓库外部表

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS mydb.employees3
LIKE mydb.employees
LOCATION '/path/to/data';

Partitioned, Managed Tables --分区表

CREATE TABLE employees (
  name         STRING,
  salary       FLOAT,
  subordinates ARRAY<STRING>,
  deductions   MAP<STRING, FLOAT>,
  address      STRUCT<street:STRING, city:STRING, state:STRING, zip:INT>
)
PARTITIONED BY (country STRING, state STRING);

However, Hive will now create subdirectories reflecting the partitioning structure. For
example:

...
.../employees/country=CA/state=AB
.../employees/country=CA/state=BC
...
.../employees/country=US/state=AL
.../employees/country=US/state=AK
...

建议安全措施
把HIVE 设置成“严格”模式,禁止分区表的查询没有
一个WHERE子句

hive> set hive.mapred.mode=strict;
hive> SELECT e.name, e.salary FROM employees e LIMIT 100;
FAILED: Error in semantic analysis: No partition predicate found for
 Alias "e" Table "employees"
hive> set hive.mapred.mode=nonstrict;
hive> SELECT e.name, e.salary FROM employees e LIMIT 100;

查看现有分区

hive> SHOW PARTITIONS employees;
...
Country=CA/state=AB
country=CA/state=BC
...
country=US/state=AL
country=US/state=AK

查看分区详细 分区键

hive> SHOW PARTITIONS employees PARTITION(country='US');
country=US/state=AL
country=US/state=AK
...
hive> SHOW PARTITIONS employees PARTITION(country='US', state='AK');
country=US/state=AK

通过 DESC 显示分区键

hive> DESCRIBE EXTENDED employees;
name         string,
salary       float,
...
address      struct<...>,
country      string,
state        string
Detailed Table Information...
partitionKeys:[FieldSchema(name:country, type:string, comment:null),
FieldSchema(name:state, type:string, comment:null)],
...

从文件读入 分区表

LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH '${env:HOME}/california-employees'
INTO TABLE employees
PARTITION (country = 'US', state = 'CA');

External Partitioned Tables 外部分区表

1.先创建外部表结构

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS log_messages (
  hms             INT,
  severity        STRING,
  server          STRING,
  process_id      INT,
  message         STRING)
PARTITIONED BY (year INT, month INT, day INT)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t';

2.为外部表增加指定分区

ALTER TABLE log_messages ADD PARTITION(year = 2012, month = 1, day = 2)
LOCATION 'hdfs://master_server/data/log_messages/2012/01/02';

3.把数据表复制外部表目录结构中

Copy the data for the partition being moved to S3. For example, you can use the
hadoop distcp command:

hadoop distcp /data/log_messages/2011/12/02 s3n://ourbucket/logs/2011/12/02

•Alter the table to point the partition to the S3 location:

ALTER TABLE log_messages PARTITION(year = 2011, month = 12, day = 2)

SET LOCATION 's3n://ourbucket/logs/2011/01/02';
•Remove the HDFS copy of the partition using the hadoop fs -rmr command:

hadoop fs -rmr /data/log_messages/2011/01/02

显示 表分区信息

hive> SHOW PARTITIONS log_messages;
...
year=2011/month=12/day=31
year=2012/month=1/day=1
year=2012/month=1/day=2

hive> DESCRIBE EXTENDED log_messages;
...
message         string,
year            int,
month           int,
day             int
Detailed Table Information...
partitionKeys:[FieldSchema(name:year, type:int, comment:null),
FieldSchema(name:month, type:int, comment:null),
FieldSchema(name:day, type:int, comment:null)],
...

hive> DESCRIBE EXTENDED log_messages PARTITION (year=2012, month=1, day=2);
...
location:s3n://ourbucket/logs/2011/01/02,
...

Customizing Table Storage Formats -- 表存储格式

CREATE TABLE employees (
  name         STRING,
  salary       FLOAT,
  subordinates ARRAY<STRING>,
  deductions   MAP<STRING, FLOAT>,
  address      STRUCT<street:STRING, city:STRING, state:STRING, zip:INT>
)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\001'
COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY '\002'
MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY '\003'
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;

Dropping Tables -- 删除表

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS employees;

For external tables, the metadata is deleted but the data is not.

Alter Table --修改表结构

ALTER TABLE modifies table metadata only. The data for the table is
untouched. It’s up to you to ensure that any modifications are consistent
with the actual data.

Renaming a Table -- 修改表名

ALTER TABLE log_messages RENAME TO logmsgs;

Adding, Modifying, and Dropping a Table Partition -- 增加，修改，删除 表分区

ALTER TABLE log_messages ADD IF NOT EXISTS
PARTITION (year = 2011, month = 1, day = 1) LOCATION '/logs/2011/01/01'
PARTITION (year = 2011, month = 1, day = 2) LOCATION '/logs/2011/01/02'
PARTITION (year = 2011, month = 1, day = 3) LOCATION '/logs/2011/01/03'

ALTER TABLE log_messages PARTITION(year = 2011, month = 12, day = 2)
SET LOCATION 's3n://ourbucket/logs/2011/01/02';

ALTER TABLE log_messages DROP IF EXISTS PARTITION(year = 2011, month = 12, day = 2);

Changing Columns --修改列

ALTER TABLE log_messages
CHANGE COLUMN hms hours_minutes_seconds INT
COMMENT 'The hours, minutes, and seconds part of the timestamp'
AFTER severity;

Adding Columns --增加列

ALTER TABLE log_messages ADD COLUMNS (
 app_name   STRING COMMENT 'Application name',
 session_id LONG   COMMENT 'The current session id');

Deleting or Replacing Columns --删除 替换列

ALTER TABLE log_messages REPLACE COLUMNS (
 hours_mins_secs INT    COMMENT 'hour, minute, seconds from timestamp',
 severity        STRING COMMENT 'The message severity'
 message         STRING COMMENT 'The rest of the message');

This statement effectively renames the original hms column and removes the server and
process_id columns from the original schema definition. As for all ALTER statements,
only the table metadata is changed.

Alter Table Properties --修改表属性

ALTER TABLE log_messages SET TBLPROPERTIES (
 'notes' = 'The process id is no longer captured; this column is always NULL');

Alter Storage Properties --修改存储属性

ALTER TABLE log_messages
PARTITION(year = 2012, month = 1, day = 1)
SET FILEFORMAT SEQUENCEFILE;

You can specify a new SerDe along with SerDe properties or change the properties for
the existing SerDe. The following example specifies that a table will use a Java class
named com.example.JSONSerDe to process a file of JSON-encoded records

ALTER TABLE table_using_JSON_storage
SET SERDE 'com.example.JSONSerDe'
WITH SERDEPROPERTIES (
 'prop1' = 'value1',
 'prop2' = 'value2');