Shell基本变量:
$PS1:
[root@rcc-pok-idg-2305 ~]# echo $PS1
[/u@/h /W]/$
/u is replaced by the username,
/h is replaced by the system's hostname,
/W is replaced by the unqualified path (or basename) of the current working directory
/$ is replaced by a $ character. (Unless you are root, in which case /$ is replaced by #.)
PATH :
contains a list of all the directories that hold commands or other programs you are likely to execute.
如果需要添加PATH可以通过执行:PATH=$PATH:/opt/***
Linux export命令:
功能说明:设置或显示环境变量。
语 法:export [-fnp][变量名称]=[变量设置值]
补充说明:在shell中执行程序时,shell会提供一组环境变量。export可新增,修改或删除环境变量,供后续执行的程序使用。export的效力仅及于该此登陆操作。
参 数:
-f 代表[变量名称]中为函数名称。
-n 删除指定的变量。变量实际上并未删除,只是不会输出到后续指令的执行环境中。
-p 列出所有的shell赋予程序的环境变量。
Commands issued to the shell on a Linux system generally consist of four components:
A valid command (a shell built-in, program, or script found among directories listed in the PATH , or an explicitly defined program)
Command options, usually preceded by a dash
Arguments
Line acceptance (i.e., pressing the Enter key), which we assume in the examples
Designator |
Description |
---|---|
!! |
Spoken as bang-bang , this command refers to the most recent command. The exclamation point is often called bang on Linux and Unix systems. |
! n |
Refer to command n from the history. Use the history command to display these numbers. |
!- n |
Refer to the current command minus n from the history. |
! string |
Refer to the most recent command starting with string . |
!? string |
Refer to the most recent command containing string . |
^ string1 ^ string2 |
Quick substitution . Repeat the last command, replacing the first occurrence of string1 with string2 . |
当你从命令行执行 history 命令后,通常只会显示已执行命令的序号和命令本身。如果你想要查看命令历史的时间戳,那么可以执行:
# export HISTTIMEFORMAT='%F %T '
# history | more
1 2008-08-05 19:02:39 service network restart
2 2008-08-05 19:02:39 exit
3 2008-08-05 19:02:39 id
4 2008-08-05 19:02:39 cat /etc/redhat-release
Ctrl+R 是我经常使用的一个快捷键。此快捷键让你对命令历史进行搜索,对于想要重复执行某个命令的时候非常有用。当找到命令后,通常再按回车键就可以执行该命令。如果想对找到的命令进行调整后再执行,则可以按一下左或右方向键。
# [Press Ctrl+R from the command prompt, which will display the reverse-i-search prompt]
(reverse-i-search)`red‘: cat /etc/redhat-release
[Note: Press enter when you see your command, which will execute the command from the history]
# cat /etc/redhat-release
Fedora release 9 (Sulphur)
有 4 种方法可以重复执行上一条命令:
在下面的例子中,如果你想重复执行第 4 条命令,那么可以执行 !4:
# history | more
1 service network restart
2 exit
3 id
4 cat /etc/redhat-release
# !4
cat /etc/redhat-release
Fedora release 9 (Sulphur)
在下面的例子,输入 !ps 并回车,将执行以 ps 打头的命令:
# !ps
ps aux | grep yp
root 16947 0.0 0.1 36516 1264 ? Sl 13:10 0:00 ypbind
root 17503 0.0 0.0 4124 740 pts/0 S+ 19:19 0:00 grep yp
将下面两行内容追加到 .bash_profile 文件并重新登录 bash shell,命令历史的记录数将变成 450 条:
# vi ~/.bash_profile
HISTSIZE=450
HISTFILESIZE=450
默认情况下,命令历史存储在 ~/.bash_history 文件中。添加下列内容到 .bash_profile 文件并重新登录 bash shell,将使用 .commandline_warrior 来存储命令历史:
# vi ~/.bash_profile
HISTFILE=/root/.commandline_warrior
在下面的例子中,pwd 命令被连续执行了三次。执行 history 后你会看到三条重复的条目。要剔除这些重复的条目,你可以将 HISTCONTROL 设置为 ignoredups:
# pwd
# pwd
# pwd
# history | tail -4
44 pwd
45 pwd
46 pwd [Note that there are three pwd commands in history, after executing pwd 3 times as shown above]
47 history | tail -4
# export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups
# pwd
# pwd
# pwd
# history | tail -3
56 export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups
57 pwd [Note that there is only one pwd command in the history, even after executing pwd 3 times as shown above]
58 history | tail -4
上例中的 ignoredups 只能剔除连续的重复条目。要清除整个命令历史中的重复条目,可以将 HISTCONTROL 设置成 erasedups:
# export HISTCONTROL=erasedups
# pwd
# service httpd stop
# history | tail -3
38 pwd
39 service httpd stop
40 history | tail -3
# ls -ltr
# service httpd stop
# history | tail -6
35 export HISTCONTROL=erasedups
36 pwd
37 history | tail -3
38 ls -ltr
39 service httpd stop
[Note that the previous service httpd stop after pwd got erased]
40 history | tail -6
将 HISTCONTROL 设置为 ignorespace,并在不想被记住的命令前面输入一个空格:
# export HISTCONTROL=ignorespace
# ls -ltr
# pwd
# service httpd stop [Note that there is a space at the beginning of service, to ignore this command from history]
# history | tail -3
67 ls -ltr
68 pwd
69 history | tail -3
如果你想清除所有的命令历史,可以执行:
# history -c
在下面的例子里,!!:$ 将为当前的命令获得上一条命令的参数:
# ls anaconda-ks.cfg
anaconda-ks.cfg
# vi !!:$
vi anaconda-ks.cfg
下例中,!^ 从上一条命令获得第一项参数:
# cp anaconda-ks.cfg anaconda-ks.cfg.bak
anaconda-ks.cfg
# vi -5 !^
vi anaconda-ks.cfg
在下面的例子,!cp:2 从命令历史中搜索以 cp 开头的命令,并获取它的第二项参数:
# cp ~/longname.txt /really/a/very/long/path/long-filename.txt
# ls -l !cp:2
ls -l /really/a/very/long/path/long-filename.txt
下例里,!cp:$ 获取 cp 命令的最后一项参数:
# ls -l !cp:$
ls -l /really/a/very/long/path/long-filename.txt
如果你想禁用 history,可以将 HISTSIZE 设置为 0:
# export HISTSIZE=0
# history
# [Note that history did not display anything]
下面的例子,将忽略 pwd、ls、ls -ltr 等命令:
# export HISTIGNORE=”pwd:ls:ls -ltr:”
# pwd
# ls
# ls -ltr
# service httpd stop
# history | tail -3
79 export HISTIGNORE=”pwd:ls:ls -ltr:”
80 service httpd stop
81 history
[Note that history did not record pwd, ls and ls -ltr]