与其他编程语言类似,Shell支持for循环。
for循环一般格式为:for 变量 in 列表 do command1 command2 ... commandN done列表是一组值(数字、字符串等)组成的序列,每个值通过空格分隔。每循环一次,就将列表中的下一个值赋给变量。
例如,顺序输出当前列表中的数字:
for loop in 1 2 3 4 5 do echo "The value is: $loop" done运行结果:
The value is: 1 The value is: 2 The value is: 3 The value is: 4 The value is: 5
for str in 'This is a string' do echo $str done
运行结果:
This is a string
#!/bin/bash for FILE in $HOME/.bash* do echo $FILE done
运行结果:
/root/.bash_history /root/.bash_logout /root/.bash_profile /root/.bashrc
while循环用于不断执行一系列命令,也用于从输入文件中读取数据;命令通常为测试条件。其格式为:
while command do Statement(s) to be executed if command is true done命令执行完毕,控制返回循环顶部,从头开始直至测试条件为假。
COUNTER=0 while [ $COUNTER -lt 5 ] do COUNTER='expr $COUNTER+1' echo $COUNTER done
运行脚本,输出:
1 2 3 4 5
echo 'type <CTRL-D> to terminate' echo -n 'enter your most liked film: ' while read FILM do echo "Yeah! great film the $FILM" done
type <CTRL-D> to terminate enter your most liked film: Sound of Music Yeah! great film the Sound of Music
until 循环执行一系列命令直至条件为 true 时停止。until 循环与 while 循环在处理方式上刚好相反。一般while循环优于until循环,但在某些时候,也只是极少数情况下,until 循环更加有用。
until 循环格式为:
until command do Statement(s) to be executed until command is true donecommand 一般为条件表达式,如果返回值为 false,则继续执行循环体内的语句,否则跳出循环。
#!/bin/bash a=0 until [ ! $a -lt 10 ] do echo $a a=`expr $a + 1` done运行结果:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
在循环过程中,有时候需要在未达到循环结束条件时强制跳出循环,像大多数编程语言一样,Shell也使用 break 和 continue 来跳出循环。
#!/bin/bash while : do echo -n "Input a number between 1 to 5: " read aNum case $aNum in 1|2|3|4|5) echo "Your number is $aNum!" ;; *) echo "You do not select a number between 1 to 5, game is over!" break ;; esac done在嵌套循环中,break 命令后面还可以跟一个整数,表示跳出第几层循环。例如:
break n
表示跳出第 n 层循环。
下面是一个嵌套循环的例子,如果 var1 等于 2,并且 var2 等于 0,就跳出循环:
#!/bin/bash for var1 in 1 2 3 do for var2 in 0 5 do if [ $var1 -eq 2 -a $var2 -eq 0 ] then break 2 else echo "$var1 $var2" fi done done如上,break 2 表示直接跳出外层循环。运行结果:
1 0 1 5
对上面的例子进行修改:
#!/bin/bash while : do echo -n "Input a number between 1 to 5: " read aNum case $aNum in 1|2|3|4|5) echo "Your number is $aNum!" ;; *) echo "You do not select a number between 1 to 5!" continue echo "Game is over!" ;; esac done运行代码发现,当输入大于5的数字时,该例中的循环不会结束,语句
echo "Game is over!"永远不会被执行。
#!/bin/bash NUMS="1 2 3 4 5 6 7" for NUM in $NUMS do Q=`expr $NUM % 2` if [ $Q -eq 0 ] then echo "Number is an even number!!" continue fi echo "Found odd number" done
Found odd number Number is an even number!! Found odd number Number is an even number!! Found odd number Number is an even number!! Found odd number