一、一对多单向关联
多对一与一对多类似
一对多映射中,只需要在一方的POJO中加入Set.
在一方的映射中加入:
<set name="students">
<key column="class_id"></key>
<one-to-many class="Student"/>
</set>
起到指示作用,指示在多方的表中加入一个外键.
Hibernate一对多单向关联映射 这种映射的本质是利用了多对一的关联映射的原理 多对一关联映射:是在多的一端添加一个外键维护多指向一的关联引用 一对多关联映射:是在多的一端添加一个外键维护一指向多的关联引用 也就是说,一对多和多对一的映射策略是一致的,只是站的角度不同 缺点: * 更新student表中的classesid字段时,需要对每一个student发出一个update的sql, 来更新classesid字段 * 如果将t_student表中的classesis设置为非空,则不能保存student数据,因为关系是由 classes维护的,在保存student时,还没有对应的classesid被生成
具体示例如下:
package com.lwf.hibernate.pojo; import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.Set; public class Classes { private int id; private String name; private Set students = new HashSet(); public int getId() { return id; } public void setId(int id) { this.id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Set getStudents() { return students; } public void setStudents(Set students) { this.students = students; } }
package com.lwf.hibernate.pojo; public class Student { private int id; private String name; private int age; public int getId() { return id; } public void setId(int id) { this.id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } }
Classes.hbm.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-mapping package="com.lwf.hibernate.pojo"> <class name="Classes" table="t_classes"> <id name="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name="name"/> <set name="students" > <key column="class_id" ></key> <one-to-many class="Student" /> </set> </class> </hibernate-mapping>
Student.hbm.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-mapping package="com.lwf.hibernate.pojo"> <class name="Student" table="t_student"> <id name="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name="name"/> <property name="age"/> </class> </hibernate-mapping>
具体的数据库结构:
mysql> desc student; +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | | | class_id | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | | +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.06 sec) mysql> desc t_class; +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
测试方法:
package com.lwf.hibernate.test; import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.Set; import junit.framework.TestCase; import org.hibernate.Session; import com.lwf.hibernate.pojo.Classes; import com.lwf.hibernate.pojo.Student; import com.lwf.hibernate.util.HibernateUtil; public class One2Many_Test extends TestCase{ //从classes这一端来维护,即在单方维护,会产生insert和update语句. public void testClasses(){ Session session = HibernateUtil.getSession(); session.beginTransaction(); try{ Set students = new HashSet(); for(int i=0;i<5;i++){ Student s = new Student(); s.setName("name" + i); s.setAge((10 + i)); students.add(s); session.save(s); } Classes cla = new Classes(); cla.setName("class1"); cla.setStudents(students); session.save(cla); //先保存,最后根据class_id更新Student HibernateUtil.commit(session); }catch(Exception e){ HibernateUtil.roolback(session); }finally{ HibernateUtil.closeSession(session); } } public void testLoad(){ Session session = HibernateUtil.getSession(); session.beginTransaction(); try{ Classes s = (Classes)session.load(Classes.class, 1); Set student = s.getStudents(); for (Iterator iterator = student.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) { Student stu = (Student) iterator.next(); System.out.println(stu.getName()); } HibernateUtil.commit(session); }catch(Exception e){ HibernateUtil.roolback(session); }finally{ HibernateUtil.closeSession(session); } } }
注意保存生成的语句:
Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age) values (?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age) values (?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age) values (?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age) values (?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age) values (?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_classes (name) values (?) Hibernate: update t_student set class_id=? where id=? Hibernate: update t_student set class_id=? where id=? Hibernate: update t_student set class_id=? where id=? Hibernate: update t_student set class_id=? where id=? Hibernate: update t_student set class_id=? where id=?
先保存student,再保存classes最后根据classes的id更新student的class_id
这实际上是由classes这方来维护两者的关联关系.
正常情况下关系应该由多的一方来维护,在双向关联中我们从多方来维护两者的关系.这样就可以避免update语句的出现.而是直接insert即可.
二、一对多双向关联
下面我们看看双向的一对多映射,实际上就是把一对多与多对一结合起来看.
Hibernate 一对多双向关联映射 一对多双向关联映射的方法: 在一一端: 在集合标签里面使用<key>标签来表明需要在对方的表中添加一个外键指向一一端。 在多一端: 使用<many-to-one>标签来映射。 需要注意:<key>标签所指定的外键字段名需要与<many-to-one>标签定义的外键字段名一致,否则便会造成引用数据的 丢失! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 如果从一端来维护一对多双向关联的关系,hibernate会发出多余的update语句,所以 一般地情况下,我们便会从多一端来维护其关联关系! ----------------------------------------------------
在单向映射的基础上加上多对一关联即可.更改的文件:
package com.lwf.hibernate.pojo; public class Student { private int id; private String name; private int age; private Classes classes; public int getId() { return id; } public void setId(int id) { this.id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } public Classes getClasses() { return classes; } public void setClasses(Classes classes) { this.classes = classes; } }
Student.hbm.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-mapping package="com.lwf.hibernate.pojo"> <class name="Student" table="t_student"> <id name="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name="name"/> <property name="age"/> <many-to-one name="classes" column="class_id"></many-to-one> </class> </hibernate-mapping>
即从Student的角度就是多对一,而从Classes角度就是一对多.
此时的表结构与单向的时候是一样的.
package com.lwf.hibernate.test; import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.Set; import junit.framework.TestCase; import org.hibernate.Session; import com.lwf.hibernate.pojo.Classes; import com.lwf.hibernate.pojo.Student; import com.lwf.hibernate.util.HibernateUtil; public class One2Many_Test extends TestCase{ //从classes这一端来维护,即在单方维护,会产生insert和update语句. public void testClasses(){ Session session = HibernateUtil.getSession(); session.beginTransaction(); try{ Set students = new HashSet(); for(int i=0;i<5;i++){ Student s = new Student(); s.setName("name" + i); s.setAge((10 + i)); students.add(s); session.save(s); } Classes cla = new Classes(); cla.setName("class1"); cla.setStudents(students); session.save(cla); //先保存,最后根据class_id更新Student HibernateUtil.commit(session); }catch(Exception e){ HibernateUtil.roolback(session); }finally{ HibernateUtil.closeSession(session); } } //由于配置了双向关联,所以下面先保存了classes再保存student只有insert语句,没有update语句 public void testStudent(){ Session session = HibernateUtil.getSession(); session.beginTransaction(); try{ Classes cla = new Classes(); cla.setName("class111"); session.save(cla); for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { Student s = new Student(); s.setName("name111"+i); s.setClasses(cla); session.save(s); } HibernateUtil.commit(session); }catch(Exception e){ HibernateUtil.roolback(session); }finally{ HibernateUtil.closeSession(session); } } //从classes得到student,主要测试单向关联 public void testLoadClass(){ Session session = HibernateUtil.getSession(); session.beginTransaction(); try{ Classes s = (Classes)session.load(Classes.class, 1); Set student = s.getStudents(); for (Iterator iterator = student.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) { Student stu = (Student) iterator.next(); System.out.println(stu.getName()); } HibernateUtil.commit(session); }catch(Exception e){ HibernateUtil.roolback(session); }finally{ HibernateUtil.closeSession(session); } } //从student得到classes,配置了双向关联后的测试 public void testLoadStudent(){ Session session = HibernateUtil.getSession(); session.beginTransaction(); try{ Student s = (Student)session.load(Student.class, 1); System.out.println(s.getName()); System.out.println(s.getClasses().getName()); HibernateUtil.commit(session); }catch(Exception e){ HibernateUtil.roolback(session); }finally{ HibernateUtil.closeSession(session); } } }
主要区别:
由于配置了双向关联,所以下面先保存了classes再保存student只有insert语句,没有update语句
以下是testStudent方法产生的SQL语句
Hibernate: insert into t_classes (name) values (?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age, class_id) values (?, ?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age, class_id) values (?, ?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age, class_id) values (?, ?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age, class_id) values (?, ?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age, class_id) values (?, ?, ?)
三、下面讨论一下关于INVERSE的用法:
关于inverse属性: inverse属性可以被设置到集合标签<set>上,表示在存储双向一对多关联映射的时候, 存储的是那一方的关联引用。默认情况下,inverse=“false”,所以,我们可以从一一端 或者多一端来维护两者之间的关系;如果我们设置inverse=“true”,则只能通过多一端来 维护两者之间的关系。inverse属性可以被用在一对多和多对多双向关联中; 注意:inverse属性只是在将数据持久化到数据库的过程中发挥作用.
主要看看上面双向关联中testClasses方法,当classes.hbm.xml文件如下时
<?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-mapping package="com.lwf.hibernate.pojo"> <class name="Classes" table="t_classes"> <id name="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name="name"/> <set name="students" > <key column="class_id" ></key> <one-to-many class="Student" /> </set> </class> </hibernate-mapping>
我们知道上面的testClasses方法产生的sql语句是先insert再update,上面已经讲到是从一方来维护关联关系的.那么现在我们把classes.hbm.xml的set上面增加inverse="true"即
<set name="students" inverse="true"> <key column="class_id" ></key> <one-to-many class="Student" /> </set>
那么这时候testClasses方法产生的SQL语句是?
Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age, class_id) values (?, ?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age, class_id) values (?, ?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age, class_id) values (?, ?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age, class_id) values (?, ?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_student (name, age, class_id) values (?, ?, ?) Hibernate: insert into t_classes (name) values (?)
虽然只产生了insert语句,但因为t_classes插入语句在后,所以数据库里面对应的t_student的记录:
mysql> select * from t_student; +----+-------+------+----------+ | id | name | age | class_id | +----+-------+------+----------+ | 1 | name0 | 10 | NULL | | 2 | name1 | 11 | NULL | | 3 | name2 | 12 | NULL | | 4 | name3 | 13 | NULL | | 5 | name4 | 14 | NULL | +----+-------+------+----------+
显然class_id为空.没有更新.
即用了INVERSE,将强制要求从多的一方来维护关系.即当设置了INVERSE属性后,要求使用testStudent方法来做保存.
而INVERSE属性没有设置时,对于双向的一对多关联,我们即可以使用testClasses又可以使用testStudent方法进行保存,但是他们的区别是testClasses操作中有insert和update语句,而testStudent只有insert语句.显然使用testStudent即从多方来维护关联关系节约了资源...