.NET Interview Questions And Answers

• · Differences

1. Difference between Classic ASP and ASP.Net?
Answer:

§ ASP is Interpreted language based on scripting languages like Jscript or VBScript.

§ ASP has Mixed HTML and coding logic.

§ Limited development and debugging tools available.

§ Limited OOPS support.

§ Limited session and application state management.

§ Poor Error handling system.

§ No in-built support for XML.

§ No fully distributed data source support.
while

§ ASP.Net is supported by compiler and has compiled language support.

§ Separate code and design logic possible.

§ Variety of compilers and tools available including the Visual studio.Net.

§ Completely Object Oriented.

§ Complete session and application state management.

§ Full proof error handling possible.

§ Full XML Support for easy data exchange.

§ Fully distributed data source support.

2. What’s the difference between Response.Write() and Response.Output.Write()?
Answer: Response.Outout.Write allows us to write the formatted out put.

3. Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset?
Answer:

§ A DataSet can represent an entire relational database in memory, complete with tables, relations, and views, A Recordset can not.

§ A DataSet is designed to work without any continuing connection to the original data source; Recordset maintains the contentious connection with the original data source.

§ There’s no concept of cursor types in a DataSet, They are bulk loaded, while Recordset work with cursors and they are loaded on demand.

§ DataSets have no current record pointer, you can use For Each loops to move through the data. Recordsets have pointers to move through them.

§ You can store many edits in a DataSet, and write them to the original data source in a single operation. Recordset can have a single edit at a time.

§ Dataset can fetch source data from many tables at a time, for Recordset you can achieve the same only using the SQL joins.

4. What is the difference between an abstract method & virtual method?
Answer: An Abstract method does not provide an implementation and forces overriding to the deriving class (unless the deriving class also an abstract class), where as the virtual method has an implementation and leaves an option to override the it in the deriving class. Thus Virtual method has an implementation & provides the derived class with the option of overriding it. Abstract method does not provide an implementation & forces the derived class to override the method.

5. What are the different types of assemblies? Explain.
Answer: Assemblies can be static or dynamic. Static assemblies can include .NET Framework types (interfaces and classes), as well as resources for the assembly (bitmaps, JPEG files, resource files, and so on). Static assemblies are stored on disk in portable executable (PE) files. You can also use the .NET Framework to create dynamic assemblies, which are run directly from memory and are not saved to disk before execution. You can save dynamic assemblies to disk after they have executed.

6. What are the difference between Structure and Class?
Answer:

§ Structures are value type and Classes are reference type.

§ Structures can not have contractors or destructors. Classes can have both contractors and destructors.

§ Structures do not support Inheritance, while Classes support Inheritance.

7. What are the difference between const and readonly?
Answer:

§ A const can not be static, while readonly can be static.

§ A const need to be declared and initialized at declaration only, while a readonly can be initialized at declaration or by the code in the constructor.

§ A const’s value is evaluated at design time, while a readonly’s value is evaluated at runtime.

8. Differences between dataset.clone and dataset.copy
Answer: dataset.clone copies just the structure of dataset (including all the datatables, schemas, relations and constraints.), However it doesn’t copy the data. On the other hand dataset.copy, copies both the dataset structure and the data.

9. Describe the difference between inline and code behind.
Answer: Inline code written along with the html and design blocks in an .aspx page. Code-behind is code written in a separate file (.cs or .vb ) and referenced by the .aspx page.

10. What is Difference between Namespace and Assembly?
Answer: Namespace is a logical design-time naming convenience, whereas an assembly establishes the name scope for types at run time.

11. What is the difference between early binding and late binding?
Answer: Calling a non-virtual method, decided at a compile time is known as early binding. Calling a virtual method (Pure Polymorphism), decided at a runtime is known as late binding.

12. What is the difference between User Control and Custom Control?
Answer: Custom Controls are compiled code (Dlls), easier to use, difficult to create, and can be placed in toolbox. Drag and Drop controls. Attributes can be set visually at design time. Can be used by Multiple Applications (If Shared Dlls), Even if Private can copy to bin directory of web application add reference and use. Normally designed to provide common functionality independent of consuming Application. User Controls are similar to those of ASP include files, easy to create, can not be placed in the toolbox and dragged - dropped from it. A User Control is shared among the single application files.

13. What is the difference between ASP Session State and ASP.Net Session State?
Answer: ASP session state relies on cookies, Serialize all requests from a client, does not survive process shutdown, Can not maintained across machines in a Web farm.

14. What is the difference bettween DataReader and DataSet?
Answer: DataReader represents only one database record at a time. You must call the Read() method to fetch each new record from the underlying database table into memory. Each time you call Read() again, the previously fetched record is lost. DataSet is on the other hand, enables you to represent the results of a database query in your server’s memory. Because a DataSet provides you with a memory-resident representation of data, you can work with the results of a database query as a whole. DataReader must remain connected to a database table. A DataReader is tied down to its underlying data source. The DataSet object is central to supporting disconnected, and distributed data scenarios with ADO.NET. The DataSet is a memory-resident representation of data that provides a consistent relational programming model regardless of the data source. It might be helpful to think of a DataReader as a forward-only recordset. A DataSet, on the other hand, is similar to a disconnected, client-side, static recordset. DataSets also require more overhead to create and populate than DataReaders.

• Abbreviations

1. CLR = Common Language Runtime

2. CLS = Common Language Specifications

3. CTS = Common Type Specifications

4. GC = Garbage Collector.

5. WSDL = Web Services Description Language.

6. MSIL = Microsoft Intermediate Language.

7. CIL = Common Intermediate Language - MSIL.

8. JIT = Just In Time.

9. PE = Portable Executable – A file format.

10. COFF = Common Object File Format – A file format.

11. GAC = Global Assembly Cache.

12. DDL = Data Definition Language.

13. DML = Data Manipulation Language.

14. CAS = Code Access Security.

15. RCW = Runtime Callable Wrapper.

16. COM = Component Object Model.

17. CCW = COM Callable Wrapper.

18. DOM = Document Object Model.

19. DNA = Distributed interNet Applications Architecture.

20. GUID = Globally Unique Identifier.

21. MS-DTC = Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator.

22. OLTP = Online Transaction Processing.

23. OLAP = Online Analytical Processing.

24. RAD = Rapid Application Development.

25. SMTP = Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.

26. SOAP = Simple Object Access Protocol.

27. TCP = Transport Control Protocol.

28. TLB = Type Library.

29. UDF = Uniform Data Format.

30. UDDI = Universal Description, Discovery and Integration.

• True/False

1. A Web service can only be written in .NET?
Answer: False (Java also)

2. To test a Web service you must create a windows application or Web application to consume this service?
Answer: False, the webservice comes with a test page and it provides HTTP-GET method to test it.

• Simple Questions

1. What is IL? (What is MSIL or CIL, What is JIT?)
MSIL is the CPU –independent instruction set into which .Net framework programs are compiled. It contains instructions for loading, storing initializing, and calling methods on objects.

2. What is CLR?
Answer: CLR also known as Common Language Run time provides a environment in which program are executed, it activate object, perform security check on them, lay them out in the memory, execute them and garbage collect them.

3. What is CTS?
Answer: The common type system is a rich type system, built into the common language runtime, which supports the types and operations found in most programming languages.

4. What is CLS?
Answer: CLS also known as Common Language Specification defines the rules which all language must support, in order to be a part of .Net framework. The Common Language Specification is a set of constructs and constraints that serves as a guide for library writers and compiler writers. It allows libraries to be fully usable from any language supporting the CLS, and for those languages to integrate with each other. The Common Language Specification is a subset of the common type system. The Common Language Specification is also important to application developers who are writing code that will be used by other developers.

5. Which class does the web page belong to in ASP.Net?
Answer: System.Web.UI.Page

6. Which class deals wit the user’s locale information?
Answer: System.Web.UI.Page.Culture

7. What data type does the RangeValidator control support?
Answer: Integer, Date and String.

8. What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?
Answer: Server.Transfer, transfers the control of a web page, posting a form data, while Response.Redirect simply redirects a page to another page, it can not post a form data to another page. Server.Transfer is more efficient over the Response.Redirect, because Response.Redirect causes a round trip to server as the page is processed once again on the client and a request is made to server there after.

9. Can you give an example of what might be best suited to place in the Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines?
Answer: All the global declarations or the variables used commonly across the application can be deployed under Application_Start. All the user specific tasks or declarations can be dealt in the Session_Start subroutine.

10. What is viewState?
Answer: ViewState is a .Net mechanism to store the posted data among post backs. ViewState allows the state of objects to be stored in a hidden field on the page, saved on client side and transported back to server whenever required.

11. What is the lifespan for items stored in ViewState?
Answer: Items stored in a ViewState exist for the life of the current page, including the post backs on the same page.

12. Can we disable ViewState, If, yes how?
Answer: ViewState can be disabled by using “EnableViewState” property set to false.

13. What’s a bubbled event?
Answer: When a complex control like datalist or datagrid, which contains a child control, using an itemcommand can listen to the events raised by the child control in the main control. The process of listening to the child control in the main or parent control is called as event bubbling.

14. What is an assembly?
Answer: Assemblies are the building blocks of the .NET framework. They are the logical grouping of the functionality in a physical file.

15. What are different types of Assemblies?
Answer: Single file and multi file assembly. Assemblies can be static or dynamic. Private assemblies and shared assemblies

16. Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data?
Answer: DataAdapter’s fill () method is used to fill load the data in dataset.

17. Can you edit data in the Repeater control?
Answer: No, it just reads the information from its data source

18. Which template is to be provided in the Repeater control in order to display a data? Which template will display every other row in another color?
Answer: ItemTemplate, AlternatingItemTemplate

19. What are the most important property and most important method of a Repeater control?
Answer: The DataSource property and DataBind() method.

20. How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain?
Answer: It can contain many classes.

21. What are the advantages of an assembly?
Answer: Increased performance. Better code management and encapsulation. It also introduces the n-tier concepts and business logic.

22. What is the purpose of an Assembly?
Answer: An assembly controls many aspects of an application. The assembly handles versioning, type and class scope, security permissions, as well as other metadata including references to other assemblies and resources. The rules described in an assembly are enforced at runtime

23. What a static assembly consist of in general?
Answer: In general, a static assembly consist of the following four elements:

§ Assembly Manifest, which contains the assembly metadata.

§ Type Metadata.

§ MSIL code that implements the types.

§ A set of resources.

From above all only the manifest is required, however the other types and resources add the additional functionality to the assembly.

24. What is GAC or Global Assembly Cache?
Answer: Global Assembly Cache (GAC) is a common place to share the .NET assemblies across many applications. GAC caches all strong named assembly references within it. All System assemblies that come with the .NET framework reside in the GAC.

25. How to view an assembly?
Answer: We can use the tool “ildasm.exe” known as “Assembly Disassembler” to view the assembly.

26. What is Authentication and Authorization?
Answer: Authentication is the process of identifying users. Authentication is identifying/validating the user against the credentials (username and password) and Authorization performs after authentication. Authorization is the process of granting access to those users based on identity. Authorization allowing access of specific resource to user.

27. What are the types of Authentication? Describe.
Answer: There are 3 types of Authentication. Windows, Forms and Passport Authentication.

§ Windows authentication uses the security features integrated into the Windows NT and Windows XP operating systems to authenticate and authorize Web application users.

§ Forms authentication allows you to create your own list/database of users and validate the identity of those users when they visit your Web site.

§ Passport authentication uses the Microsoft centralized authentication provider to identify users. Passport provides a way to for users to use a single identity across multiple Web applications. To use Passport authentication in your Web application, you must install the Passport SDK.

28. What are the types of comment in C#?
Answer: There are 3 types of comments in C#.
Single line (//), Multi line (/* */)and Page Comments (///).

29. What is an ArrayList?
Answer: The ArrayList object is a collection of items containing a single data value.

30. What is a HashTable?
Answer: The Hashtable object contains items in key/value pairs. The keys are used as indexes, and very quick searches can be made for values by searching through their keys.

31. What is SortedList?
Answer: The SortedList object contains items in key/value pairs. A SortedList object automatically sorts items in alphabetic or numeric order.

32. What is a Literal Control?
Answer: The Literal control is used to display text on a page. The text is programmable. This control does not let you apply styles to its content!

33. What is CAS or Code Access Security?
Answer: CAS is the part of the .NET security model that determines whether or not a piece of code is allowed to run, and what resources it can use when it is running. For example, it is CAS that will prevent a .NET web applet from formatting a hard disk.

34. What is Side-by-Side Execution
Answer: The CLR allows any versions of the same-shared DLL (shared assembly) to execute at the same time, on the same system, and even in the same process. This concept is known as side-by-side execution.

35. What are the different types of Caching?
Answer: There are three types of Caching:

§ Output Caching: stores the responses from an asp.net page.

§ Fragment Caching: Only caches/stores the portion of page (User Control)

§ Data Caching: is Programmatic way to Cache objects for performance.

36. What are the different types of Validation Controls?
Answer: There are six types of validation controls available:

§ RequiredFieldValidator

§ RangeValidator

§ RegularExpressionValidator

§ CompareValidator

§ CustomValidator

§ ValidationSummary

37. How to Manage State in ASP.Net?
There are several ways to manage a state.

§ ViewState

§ QueryString

§ Cookies

§ Session

§ Application

38. What base class all Web Forms inherit from?
Answer: System.Web.UI.Page.

39. What method do you use to explicitly kill a user’s Session?
Answer: HttpContext.Current.Session.Abandon().

40. What are the layouts of ASP.NET Pages?
Answer: GridLayout and FlowLayout. GridLayout positions the form object on absolute x and y co-ordinates of the screen. FlowLayout positions the form objects relative to each other.

41. What is the Web User Control?
Answer: Combines existing Server and HTML controls by using VS.Net. to create functional units that encapsulate some aspects of UI. Resides in Content Files, which must be included in project in which the controls are used.

42. What is the Composite Custom Control?
Answer: combination of existing HTML and Server Controls.

Tricky Questions

1. If I’m developing an application that must accommodate multiple security levels though secure login and my ASP.NET web application is spanned across three web-servers (using round-robin load balancing) what would be the best approach to maintain login-in state for the users?
Answer: You can use the security state maintained using a database. (Use Authentication mode as database)

2. What’s the difference between Codebehind=”MyCode.aspx.cs” and src=”MyCode.aspx.cs” mce_src=”MyCode.aspx.cs”?
Answer: Visual Studio uses the Codebehind attribute to distinguish the page source or programming logic from the design. Also the src attribute will make the page compile on every request. That is the page will not be compiled in advance and stored in the bin as a dll instead it will be compiled at run time.

3. Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET function executed on MouseOver over a certain button or textbox. Where do you add an event handler?
Answer: Every web control has a ability to add the attributes on client side which will execute on client side and run a client side script like a javascript function.
btnSubmit.Attributes.Add(“onMouseOver”,”someClientCode();”) //For on mouse over of a button
TextBox1.Attributes.Add(“onFocus”,“ClearText();”) //For on focus of a text box

4. Explain what a diffgram is and a good use for one?
Answer: The DiffGram is one of the two XML formats that you can use to render DataSet object contents to XML. For reading database data to an XML file to be sent to a Web Service.

5. What base class do all Web Forms inherit from?
Answer: The Page class.

6. Name two properties common in every validation control?
Answer: ControlToValidate and Text property.

7. What tags do you need to add within the Datagrid tags to bind columns manually?
Answer: Set AutoGenerateColumns Property to false on the Datagrid tag

8. What tag do you use to add a hyperlink column to the DataGrid?
Answer: asp:HyperLinkColumn

9. What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service?
Answer: SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is the preferred protocol.

10. Where on the Internet would you look for Web services?
Answer: http://www.uddi.org

11. Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different controls matched?
Answer: CompareValidator Control

12. What are the assembly entry points? An Assembly can have how many entry points at a time?
Answer: An assembly can have only one entry point from DllMain, WinMain or Main.

13. What does an assembly contain?
Answer:
• Manifest - The metadata describing the information below.
• Assembly name - Aids in versioning and visibility scope.
• Version information - The version number is integrated into the assembly’s identity.
• Types - Boundaries and scopes of methods, classes, properties, events, attributes.
• Locale - Information describing language/culture.
• Cryptographic Hash - Public key encoded hash acting as version/security check.
• Security Permissions - The permissions within the assembly determine the permissions that can be granted for all aspects of the assembly contents.

14. What does an assembly manifest contains?
Answer: It contains assembly name, version number (major.minor.build.revision) and culture Information. It also specifies the strong name information, which is useful for shared assemblies, and list of files, an assembly contains. It also provides information for type references in an assembly and other referenced assemblies.

15. Which tool is used to deploy an assembly, so as the assembly is available to all the application?
Answer: The GacUtil.exe is the tool, which allows us to add any assembly to the windows GAC.

16. How many catch statements can be associated with single try statement?
Answer: There can be a zero or more catch statement for each try statement. So it has not limit to the number of catch statement per try statement.

17. What is Console and System a Class/a Data Member/a routine/a namespace or a type?
Answer: Console is a class and System is namespace.

18. How many values can be returned from a method in C#?
Answer: Only one value can be returned from method, however you can use ref or out variable to change more than one value in called method.

19. How to declare a variable named this in C#, with data type string?
Answer: string @this;

20. Can we change the dimension of Array at run time like Array [3, 4]?
Answer: Yes, We can change only the first position of array dimension.

21. What keyword is used to accept a variable number of parameter in a method?
Answer: “params” keyword is used as to accept variable number of parameters.

22. What is a Namespace? What is the use of a namespace?
Answer: Namespaces are logical grouping of classes and other types in hierarchical structure. Namespaces are useful to avoid collision or ambiguity among the classes and type names. Another use of the namespace is to arrange a group of classes for a specific purpose.

23. What does a keyword using works for?
Answer: Using is just a convention or a short-cut method which allows us to access the classes in a namespace by referencing it once. So when ever we want use the classes or methods in them, we can avoid typing the entire namespace hierarchy. However it is not a good practice when there are likely chances to have name ambiguity or collision of class names.

24. What is Enums in C#?
Answer: Enums or Enumerators are used to declare a set of related constants (default start with 0); they are only available with primitive data types like int and short etc.

25. What is Delegates?
Answer: Delegates are a type-safe, object-oriented implementation of function pointers and are used in many situations where a component needs to call back to the component that is using it. Delegates are generally used as basis of events, which allow any delegate to easily be registered for as event.

26. Which are the namespaces that are imported automatically by Visual Studio in ASP.Net?
Answer: There are 7 namespaces which are imported automatically.

§ System

§ System.Collections

§ System.IO

§ System.web

§ System.web.UI

§ System.web.UI.HTMLControls

§ System.web.UI.WebControls

27. Which namespaces are used for data access?

§ System.Data

§ System.Data.OleDB

§ System.Data.SQLClient

28. What do you mean by boxing and un-boxing?
Answer: C# provides us with Value types and Reference Types. Value Types are stored on the stack and Reference types are stored on the heap. The conversion of value type to reference type is known as boxing and converting reference type back to the value type is known as un-boxing.
e.g.
int x = 10;
object o = x ; // Implicit boxing
object o = (object) x; // Explicit Boxing
x = o; // Implicit Un-Boxing
x = (int)o; // Explicit Un-Boxing

29. What are the different methods available under sqlcommand class to access the data?

§ ExecuteReader –Used where one or more records are returned – SELECT Query.

§ ExecuteNonQuery – Used where it affects a state of the table and no data is being queried - INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE and SET queries.

§ ExecuteScalar – Used where it returns a single record(a single value normally) – SQL Functions like MIN(), NAX()

30. What are the different types of Session state management options available with ASP.NET?
Answer: ASP.NET provides In-Process & Out-of-Process state management,
Also known as “In-Proc” and “Out-Proc”. In-Proc stores the session in memory of the web server, that is on the same server the ASP.Net page is.
On the other hand Out-Proc session state management stores the session data on external data source, which can be a SQL Server or Server State Service. Out-of-Process state management requires the objects stored in session, must be serializable.

31. What is Remoting? Give Example.
Answer: Remoting is a means by which one operating system process, or program, can communicate with another process. The two processes can exist on the same computer or on two computers connected by a LAN or the Internet. Web services are probably the best known type of remoting, but they are not the only option.

32. What is Marshalling?
Answer: Marshaling is a process of making an object in one process (the server) available to another process (the client). There are two ways to achieve the marshalling.

i. Marshal by value: the server creates a copy of the object passes the copy to the client. When a client makes a call to an object marshaled by value (MBV), the server creates an exact copy and sends that copy to the client. The client can then use the object’s data and executable functionality directly within its own process or application domain without making additional calls to the server. Objects that the application accesses frequently are best remoted using MBV.

ii. Marshal by reference: the client creates a proxy for the object and then uses the proxy to access the object. When a client makes a call to an object marshaled by reference (MBR), the .NET framework creates a proxy in the client’s application domain and the client uses that proxy to access the original object on the server. Large objects that the application accesses relatively infrequently are good candidates for MBR.

33. What is a Static class? What are its features?
Answer: Static class is a class which can be used or accessed without creating an instance of the class.
Important Features:

i. Static class only contains static members and a private constructor.

ii. Static class cannot be instantiated.

iii. Static classes are sealed by default and therefore cannot be inherited.

34. What is sealed class? What are its features?
Answer: Sealed classes are those classes which can not be inherited and thus any sealed class member can not be derived in any other class. A sealed class cannot also be an abstract class.
In C# structs are implicitly sealed; therefore, they cannot be inherited.

35. Can we declare a method as sealed?
Answer: In C# a method can’t be declared as sealed. However when we override a method in a derived class, we can declare the overridden method as sealed. By declaring it as sealed, we can avoid further overriding of this method.
E.g.
using System;
class MyClass1
{
public int x;
public int y;
public virtual void Method() {
Console.WriteLine(”virtual method”); }
}
class MyClass : MyClass1
{
public override sealed void Method() {
Console.WriteLine(”sealed method”); }
}
class MainClass
{ public static void Main() {
MyClass1 mC = new MyClass();
mC.x = 110;
mC.y = 150;
Console.WriteLine(”x = {0}, y = {1}”, mC.x, mC.y);
mC.Method(); }
}

36. What is a DataSet ?
Answer: A DataSet is an in memory representation of data loaded from any data source.

37. What is a DataTable?
Answer: A DataTable is a class in .NET Framework and in simple words a DataTable object represents a table from a database.

38. If you want to view an Assembly how to you go about it? What is ILDASM?
Answer: You can use the MSIL Disassembler (Ildasm.exe) to view Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) information in a file. If the file being examined is an assembly, this information can include the assembly’s attributes, as well as references to other modules and assemblies. This information can be helpful in determining whether a file is an assembly or part of an assembly, and whether the file has references to other modules or assemblies.

39. Where is version information stored of an assembly?
Answer: The version number is stored in the assembly manifest along with other identity information, including the assembly name and public key, as well as information on relationships and identities of other assemblies connected with the application.

40. Is versioning applicable to private assemblies?
Answer: No

41. How to create a shared assembly or add an assembly to GAC?
Answer: There are several ways an assembly can be added to GAC.

i. Use .msi installer designed to work with the global assembly cache.

ii. Use GACUtil.exe provided by the .NET Framework SDK.

iii. Use Windows Explorer to drag assemblies into the cache.

42. What is strong Name?
Answer:

43. What is reflection?
Answer: All .NET compilers produce metadata about the types defined in the modules they produce. This metadata is packaged along with the module (modules in turn are packaged together in assemblies), and can be accessed by a mechanism called reflection. The System.Reflection namespace contains classes that can be used to interrogate the types for a module/assembly. Reflection is ability to find information about types contained in an assembly at run time.

44. How can I produce an assembly?
Answer: Simply compile your class/module with the following command.
C#.Net - CSC /t:library yourclassname.cs
VB.Net - VBC /t:library yourmodulename.vb

45. What is an Application Domain? How they get created?
Answer: An Application Domain can be thought of as a lightweight processes controlled by the .Net runtime. Application Domains are usually created by hosts like Windows Shell, ASP.NET and IE. When you run a .NET application from the command-line, the host is the Shell. The Shell creates a new Application Domain for every application.

46. Do I have any control over the garbage collection algorithm?
Answer: Yes, we have a limited control over the GC algorithm, For example, the System.GC class exposes a Collect method - this forces the garbage collector to collect all unreferenced objects immediately.

47. What is a life span of a static variable?
Answer: A static variable’s life span is till the class is in memory.

48. What is a Page Life Cycle of an ASP.Net page?
Answer: There are various stages described as under.

§ Init

§ LoadViewState

§ LoadPostBackData

§ Load

§ RaisePostBackDataChangedEvent

§ RaisePostBackEvents

§ Pre-Render

§ SaveViewState

§ Render

§ Unload

49. Can the action attribute of a server-side <form>tag be set to a value and if not how can you possibly pass data from a form to a subsequent Page?
Answer: No, Assigning value will not work because will be overwritten at the time of rendering. We can assign value to it by register a startup script which will set the action value of form on client-side. On other hand we can use Server.Transfer or Response.Redirect.

50. How do you turn off cookies in one page of your asp.net application?
Answer: We may not use them at the max, However to allow the cookies or not, is client side functionality.

51. Which method do you use to redirect to user to another page without performing a round trip to Client?
Answer: Server.Transfer(“AnotherPage.aspx”).

52. How many namespaces are in .NET version 1.1?
Answer: 124.

53. Should Validation occur on Client/Server Side for Date Input?
Answer: Both. Client-side reduces extra round-trip. Server-Side ensures prevention against hacking and failure against automated requests.

54. What are the web form events?
Answer:

i. The first event that occurs in the life of a Web Form is the Init event. This is raised so that we can have initialization code for the page. The controls on the page are not yet created at this point. This event is raised once for each user of the page.

ii. The Load event follows the Init event. Subsequently, it is raised each time the page is requested. When this event is raised, all child controls of the Web Form are loaded and accessible. You should be able to retrieve data and populate the controls so that they can render themselves on the page when sent back to the client.

iii. The PreRender event happens just before the page is rendered and sent back to the client. We don’t often handle this event; however, it depends on the situation.

iv. The last event in the life of a Web Form is the Unload event. This happens when the page is unloaded from memory. Final cleanup should be done here.

• OOPS

1. What is a class?
Answer: Class is concrete representation of an entity. It represents a group of objects, which hold similar attributes and behavior. It provides Abstraction and Encapsulations.

2. What is an Object? What is Object Oriented Programming?
Answer: Object represents/resembles a Physical/real entity. An object is simply something you can give a name. Object Oriented Programming is a Style of programming that represents a program as a system of objects and enables code-reuse.

3. What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation is binding of attributes and behaviors. Hiding the actual implementation and exposing the functionality of any object. Encapsulation is the first step towards OOPS, is the procedure of covering up of data and functions into a single unit (called class). Its main aim is to protect the data from out side world.

4. What is Abstraction?
Answer: Hiding the complexity. It is a process of defining communication interface for the functionality and hiding rest of the things.

5. What is Overloading?
Answer: Adding a new method with the same name in same/derived class but with different number/types of parameters. It implements Polymorphism.

6. What is Overriding?
Answer: A process of creating different implementation of a method having a same name as base class, in a derived class. It implements Inheritance.

7. What is Shadowing?
Answer: When the method is defined as Final/sealed in base class and not override able and we need to provide different implementation for the same. This process is known as shadowing, uses shadows/new keyword.

8. What is Inheritance?
Answer: It is a process of acquiring attributes and behaviors from another object (normally a class or interface).

9. What is an Abstract class?
Answer: An abstract class is a special kind of class that cannot be instantiated. It normally contains one or more abstract methods or abstract properties. It provides body to a class.

10. What is an Interface?
Answer: An interface has no implementation; it only has the signature or in other words, just the definition of the methods without the body.

11. What is Polymorphism?
Answer: Mean by more than one form. Ability to provide different implementation based on different number/type of parameters.

12. What is Pure-Polymorphism?
Answer: When a method is declared as abstract/virtual method in a base class and which is overridden in a base class. If we create a variable of a type of a base class and assign an object of a derived class to it, it will be decided at a run time, which implementation of a method is to be called.
This is known as Pure-Polymorphism or Late-Binding.

13. What is a Constructor?
Answer: A special Method Always called whenever an instance of the class is created.

14. What is a Destructor?
Answer: A special method called by GC. just before object is being reclaimed by GC.

15. How a base class method is hidden?
Answer: Hiding a base class method by declaring a method in derived class with keyword new. This will override the base class method and old method will be suppressed.

16. What Command is used to implement properties in C#?
Answer: get & set access modifiers are used to implement properties in c#.

17. What is method overloading?
Answer: Method overloading is having methods with same name but carrying different signature, this is useful when you want a method to behave differently depending upon a data passed to it.

18. Can constructors have parameters?

19. What are Static Assembly and Dynamic Assembly?
Answer: Static assemblies can include .NET Framework types (interfaces and classes) as well as resources for the assembly (bitmaps, JPEG files, resource files, and so forth). Static assemblies are stored on disk. Dynamic assemblies run directly from memory and are not saved to disk before execution.

20. Describe the functionality of an assembly.
Answer: It is the smallest unit that has version control. All types and resources in the same assembly are versioned as a unit and support side by side execution. Assemblies contain the metadata and other identities which allow the common language runtime to execute. They are the boundaries providing the type check. They the unit where security permissions are requested and granted.

21. What is serialization?
Answer: Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of bytes. De-serialization is the opposite process of creating an object from a stream of bytes. Serialization/De-serialization is mostly used to transport objects (e.g. during remoting), or to persist objects (e.g. to a file or database). There are two separate mechanisms provided by the .NET class library for serialization - XmlSerializer and SoapFormatter and BinaryFormatter. Microsoft uses XmlSerializer for Web Services, and uses SoapFormatter/BinaryFormatter for remoting.

• SQL: Queries

1. Write a query to select the second highest salary from a table.
Answer: SELECT max(salary) AS salary2 FROM orders WHERE salary < (SELECT max(salary) AS salary1 FROM orders)

2. Write a query to select the 5^th highest salary from a table.
Answer: SELECT min(salary) AS high5 FROM employee WHERE salary IN(SELECT DISTINCT TOP 5 salary FROM orders ORDER BY salary DESC)

3. How to find duplicate records with the number they are duplicated?
Answer: SELECT Id, count (*) as number_records from table group by id having count (*) > 1.

• SQL: Questions

1. What is the difference between Delete and Truncate command in SQL?
Answer: Delete command and truncate command both will delete the data, however the truncate command can not be rolled back as delete can be. The delete command can be used for selected records using the where clause but with the truncate command we have to loose data. DELETE statement is a logged operation and hence takes more time then truncate.

2. What is Magic Table in SQL?
Answer: The insert and Delete commands are known as magic tables in SQL.

3. Can Primary key is a Foreign Key on the same table?
Answer: Yes, Consider a category table in a e-commerce web site.
Category_Id, Category_Name, Parent_Category_ID. In this table all the parent categories are also categories. When we create a self join category id will be treated as foreign key to the same table.

4. What is Normalization? What are it’s rules?
Answer: Normalisation is the technique in the database design wher ethe idea is to reduce the redundancy of non key data items across the table.

§ Rule 1: There should be a one-to-one relationship between the instances of an entity and the rows of the table.

§ Rule 2: A field should have the same meaning in each row of the table.

§ Rule 3: Each table should represent at most one entity.

§ Rule 4: Multiple instances of an entity should be represented by multiple rows in a table.

§ Rule 5: Joins should be based only on primary and foreign-key equality.

§ Rule 6: Make sure keys are linked correctly.

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Normalization?
Answer: There are several advantages of normalization as under:

§ Faster sorting and index creation.

§ A larger number of clustered indexes.

§ Narrower and more compact indexes.

§ Fewer indexes per table, which improves the performance of INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements

§ Fewer null values and less opportunity for inconsistency, which increase database compactness.
Beside the above benefits there are few disadvantages as well:

§ Increased amount of Normalization increases the amount of complexity of joins between tables and that hinders the performance.

6. What are the conditions to achieve the normalization?
Answer: There are few conditions to achieve the normalization:

§ There should be a unique row identifier.

§ A table should store only data for a single type of entity. For e.g. details for book’s publisher and book’s author should be saved under different table.

§ A table should avoid columns which can be null-able.

§ A table should avoid duplication of data and columns.

7. What is a Stored Procedure? State its advantage.
Answer: A stored procedure is a set of pre-compiled SQL commands (query statements), which are stored in the server. It is faster then the loose SQL statements processed on client, as it is pre-compiled. It can execute more then one SQL commands once as they are bundled in a single entity. We can use control statements within the stored procedure, which will allow us to repeat some SQL command. It can send return values depending upon the result. Stored procedures are used to reduce network traffic.

8. What is a Trigger?
Answer: Triggers are a special type of stored procedure, which gets invoked upon a certain event. They can be performed upon an INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE.

9. What is a Clustered Index?
Answer: The data rows are stored in order based on the clustered index key. Data stored is in a sequence of the index. In a clustered index, the physical order of the rows in the table is the same as the logical (indexed) order of the key values. A table can contain only one clustered index. A clustered index usually provides faster access to data than does a non-clustered index

10. What is a Non-Clustered Index?
Answer: The data rows are not stored in any particular order, and there is no particular order to the sequence of the data pages. In a non-clustered index, the physical order of the rows in the table is not same as the logical (indexed) order of the key values.

11. Describe the three levels of data abstraction?
The are three levels of abstraction:

§ Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.

§ Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database and what relationship among those data.

§ View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.

12. What is DDL (Data Definition Language)?
Answer: A data base schema which is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language is called DDL. Data Definition Language (DDL) is used to define and manage all the objects in an SQL database.

13. What is DML?
Answer: It is a special language used to manipulate the Data. Data Manipulation Language (DML), which is used to select, insert, update, and delete data in the objects defined using DDL.

14. What is a PRIMARY KEY?
Answer: The PRIMARY KEY is the column(s) used to uniquely identify each row of a table.

15. What is a FOREIGN KEY?
Answer: A FOREIGN KEY is one or more columns whose values are based on the PRIMARY or CANDITATE KEY values from the database.

16. What is a UNIQUE KEY?
Answer: A UNIQUE KEY is one or more columns that must be unique for each row of the table.

17. What is the difference between UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY?
Answer: The UNIQUE KEY column restricts entry of duplicate values but entry of NULL value is allowed. In case of PRIMARY KEY columns entry of duplicate as well as <NULL> value is also restricted.

18. What is a VIEW?
Answer: A View is a database object that is a logical representation of a table. It is derived from a table but has no storage space of its own and often may be used in the same manner as a table.

19. What is a ROWID?
Answer: ROWID is the logical address of a row, and it is unique within the database.

20. What is INDEX?
Answer: INDEX is a general term for an SQL feature used primarily to speed up execution and impose UNIQUENESS upon data. You can use an index to gain fast access to specific information in a database table. An index is a structure that orders the values of one or more columns in a database table. The index provides pointers to the data values stored in specified columns of the table, and then orders those pointers according to the sort order you specify.

21. What is a cursor?
Answer: An entity that maps over a result set and establishes a position on a single row within the result set. After the cursor is positioned on a row, operations can be performed on that row, or on a block of rows starting at that position. The most common operation is to fetch (retrieve) the current row or block of rows.

22. The Difference between ‘Count’ and ‘Count (*)’?
Answer: ‘Count’: Counts the number of non-null values. ‘Count (*)’: Counts the number of rows in the table, including null values and duplicates.

This is a list of questions I have gathered and created over a period of time from my experience, many of whichI felt where incomplete or simply wrong. I have finally taken the time to go through each question and correct them to the best of my ability. However, please feel free to post feedback to challenge, improve, or suggest new questions. I want to thank those of you that have contributed quality questions and correctionsthus far.

There are some questions in this list that I do not consider to be good questions for an interview. However, they do exist on other lists available on the Internet so I felt compelled to keep them here for easy access.

1. Describe the role of inetinfo.exe, aspnet_isapi.dll andaspnet_wp.exe in the page loading process.
   inetinfo.exe is theMicrosoft IIS server running, handling ASP.NET requests among other things.When an ASP.NET request is received (usually a file with .aspx extension), the ISAPI filter aspnet_isapi.dll takes care of it by passing the request tothe actual worker process aspnet_wp.exe.
   
2. What’s the difference between Response.Write() andResponse.Output.Write()?
   Response.Output.Write() allows you to write formatted output.
   
3. What methods are fired during the page load?
   Init() - when the page is instantiated
   Load() - when the page is loaded into server memory
   PreRender() - the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML
   Unload() - when page finishes loading.
   
4. When during the page processing cycle isViewState available?
   After the Init() and before the Page_Load(), or OnLoad() for a control.
   
5. What namespace does the Web page belong in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?
   System.Web.UI.Page
   
6. Where do you store the information about the user’s locale?
   System.Web.UI.Page.Culture
   
7. What’s the difference between Codebehind="MyCode.aspx.cs" andSrc="MyCode.aspx.cs"?
   CodeBehind is relevant to Visual Studio.NET only.
   
8. What’s a bubbled event?
   When you have a complex control, like DataGrid, writing an event processing routine for each object (cell, button, row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their eventhandlers, allowing the main DataGrid event handler to take care of its constituents.
   
9. Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET function executed on MouseOverfor acertain button. Where do you add an event handler?
   Add an OnMouseOver attribute to the button. Example: btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onmouseover","someClientCodeHere();");
   
10. What data types do the RangeValidator control support?
    Integer, String, and Date.
    
11. Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?
    Server-side code executes on the server. Client-side code executesin the client'sbrowser.
    
12. What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?
    The answer is server-side code since code-behind is executed on the server. However, during the code-behind's execution on the server, itcan render client-side codesuch asJavaScript to beprocessedin the clients browser. But just to be clear, code-behind executes on the server, thus making it server-side code.
    
13. Should user input data validation occur server-side or client-side? Why?
    All user input data validation should occur on the server at a minimum. Additionally, client-side validation can be performed where deemed appropriate and feasable to provide a richer, more responsive experience for the user.
    
14. What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I choose one over the other?
    Server.Transfer transfers page processing fromone pagedirectly to the next page without making a round-trip back to the client's browser. This provides a faster response with a little less overhead on the server. Server.Transfer does not update the clientsurl historylist or current url. Response.Redirect is used to redirect the user's browserto another page or site. This performas a trip back to the client where the client's browser is redirected to the new page. The user's browser history list is updated to reflect the new address.
    
15. Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset?
    Valid answers are:
    · A DataSet can represent an entire relational database in memory, complete with tables, relations, and views.
    · A DataSet is designed to work without any continuing connection to the original data source.
    · Data in a DataSet is bulk-loaded, rather than being loaded on demand.
    · There's no concept of cursor types in a DataSet.
    · DataSets have no current record pointer You can use For Each loops to move through the data.
    · You can store many edits in a DataSet, and write them to the original data source in a single operation.
    · Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data sources.
    
16. What is the Global.asax used for?
    The Global.asax (including the Global.asax.cs file) is used to implement application and session level events.
    
17. Whatare the Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines used for?
    This is where you can set the specific variables for the Application and Session objects.
    
18. Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it?
    When you want to inherit (use the functionality of) another class. Example: With abase class named Employee, a Manager class could be derived from the Employee base class.
    
19. Whats an assembly?
    Assemblies are the building blocks of the .NET framework. Overview of assemblies from MSDN
    
20. Describe the difference between inline and code behind.
    Inline code written along side the html in a page. Code-behind is code written in a separate file and referenced by the .aspx page.
    
21. Explain what a diffgram is, and a good use for one?
    The DiffGram is one of the two XML formats that you can use to render DataSet object contents to XML. A good use isreading database data to an XML file to be sent to a Web Service.
    
22. Whats MSIL, and why should my developers need an appreciation of it if at all?
    MSIL is the Microsoft Intermediate Language. All .NET compatible languages will get converted to MSIL. MSIL also allows the .NET Framework to JIT compile the assembly on the installed computer.
    
23. Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data?
    The Fill() method.
    
24. Can you edit data in the Repeater control?
    No, it just reads the information from its data source.
    
25. Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control?
    ItemTemplate.
    
26. How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?
    Use the AlternatingItemTemplate.
    
27. What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order to bind the data from adata source to the Repeater control?
    You must set the DataSource property and call the DataBind method.
    
28. What base class do all Web Forms inherit from?
    The Page class.
    
29. Name two properties common in every validation control?
    ControlToValidate property and Text property.
    
30. Which property on a Combo Box do you set with a column name, prior to setting the DataSource, to display data in the combo box?
    DataTextField property.
    
31. Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different controls matched?
    CompareValidator control.
    
32. How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain?
    It can contain many classes.
    

Web Service Questions

1. What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service?
   SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol) is the preferred protocol.
   
2. True or False: A Web service can only be written in .NET?
   False
   
3. What does WSDL stand for?
   Web Services Description Language.
   
4. Where on the Internet would you look for Web services?
   http://www.uddi.org/
   
5. True or False: To test a Web service you must create a Windows application or Web application to consume this service?
   False, the web service comes with a test page and it provides HTTP-GET method to test.
   

State Management Questions

1. What is ViewState?
   ViewState allows the state of objects (serializable) to be stored in a hidden field on the page. ViewState is transported to the client and back to the server, and is not stored on the server or any other external source. ViewState is used the retain the state of server-side objects between postabacks.
   
2. What is the lifespan for items stored in ViewState?
   Item stored in ViewState exist for the life of the current page. This includes postbacks (to the same page).
   
3. What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why would I want it on or off?
   It allows the page to save the users input on a form across postbacks. It saves the server-side values for a given control into ViewState, which is stored as a hidden value on the page before sending the page to the clients browser.When the page is posted back to the server the server control is recreatedwith the state stored in viewstate.
   
4. What are the different types of Session state management options available with ASP.NET?
   ASP.NET provides In-Process and Out-of-Process state management. In-Process stores the session in memory on the web server. This requires the a "sticky-server" (or no load-balancing) so that the user is always reconnected to the same web server. Out-of-Process Session state management stores data in an external data source. The external data source may be either a SQL Server or a State Server service. Out-of-Process state management requires that all objects stored in session are serializable.

1. What are the main differences between asp and asp.net?

ASP 3.0

• Supports VBScript and JavaScript
o scripting languages are limited in scope
o interpreted from top to bottom each time the page is loaded
• Files end with *.asp extension
• 5 objects: Request, Response, Server, Application, Session
• Queried databases return recordsets
• Uses conventional HTML forms for data collection

ASP .NET

• Supports a number of languages including Visual Basic, C#, and JScript
o code is compiled into .NET classes and stored to speed up multiple hits on a page
o object oriented and event driven makes coding web pages more like traditional applications
• Files end with *.aspx extension
• .NET contains over 3400 classes
• XML-friendly data sets are used instead of recordsets
• Uses web forms that look like HTML forms to the client, but add much functionality due to server-side coding
• Has built-in validation objects
• Improved debugging feature (great news for programmers)
• ASP .NET controls can be binded to a data source, including XML recordsets
Source: mikekissman.com

2. What is a user control?

• An ASP.NET user control is a group of one or more server controls or static HTML elements that encapsulate a piece of functionality. A user control could simply be an extension of the functionality of an existing server control(s) (such as an image control that can be rotated or a calendar control that stores the date in a text box). Or, it could consist of several elements that work and interact together to get a job don