oracle里常用命令

  第一章:日志管理
  1.forcing log switches
  sql> alter system switch logfile;
  2.forcing checkpoints
  sql> alter system checkpoint;
  3.adding online redo log groups
  sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]
  sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;
  4.adding online redo log members
  sql> alter database add logfile member
  sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
  sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;
  5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
  sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
  sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
  6.drop online redo log groups
  sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;
  7.drop online redo log members
  sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
  8.clearing online redo log files
  sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';
  9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles
  a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
  b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');
  c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',
  sql> dbms_logmnr.new);
  d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',
  sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);
  e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');
  f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
  sql> v$logmnr_logs);
  g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;
  
  第二章:表空间管理
  1.create tablespaces
  sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,
  sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
  sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
  sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
  2.locally managed tablespace
  sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'
  sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
  3.temporary tablespace
  sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'
  sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
  4.change the storage setting
  sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
  sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m
  axextents 999);
  5.taking tablespace offline or online
  sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
  sql> alter tablespace app_data online;
  6.read_only tablespace
  sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
  7.droping tablespace
  sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;
  8.enableing automatic extension of data files
  sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m
  sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
  9.change the size fo data files manually
  sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;
  10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
  sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
  sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
  11.moving data files:alter database
  sql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
  sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
  
  第三章:表
  1.create a table
  sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
  sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
  sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
  sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
  sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
  2.copy an existing table
  sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
  3.create temporary table
  sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
  on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows
  4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size
  pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)
  5.change storage and block utilization parameter
  sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
  sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);
  6.manually allocating extents
  sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');
  7.move tablespace
  sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;
  8.deallocate of unused space
  sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
  9.truncate a table
  sql> truncate table table_name;
  10.drop a table
  sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
  11.drop a column
  sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
  alter table table_name drop columns continue;
  12.mark a column as unused
  sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
  alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
  alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
  data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs
  
  第四章:索引
  1.creating function-based indexes
  sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);
  2.create a B-tree index
  sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc)
  tablespace
  sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
  sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
  sql> maxextents 50);
  3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows
  4.creating reverse key indexes
  sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
  sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
  5.create bitmap index
  sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
  sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
  6.change storage parameter of index
  sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
  7.allocating index space
  sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile
  'c:/oracle/index.dbf');
  8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;
  
  第五章:约束
  1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
  sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
  set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
  2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints
  sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
  3. define constraints while create a table
  sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
  sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
  primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
  4.enable constraints
  sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;
  5.enable constraints
  sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;
  
  第六章:LOAD数据
  1.loading data using direct_load insert
  sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
  sql> select * from emp_old;
  2.parallel direct-load insert
  sql> alter session enable parallel dml;
  sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
  sql> select * from emp_old;
  3.using sql*loader
  sql> sqlldr scott/tiger sql> control = ulcase6.ctl sql> log = ulcas

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