oracle里常用命令

　　第一章：日志管理
　　1.forcing log switches
　　sql> alter system switch logfile;
　　2.forcing checkpoints
　　sql> alter system checkpoint;
　　3.adding online redo log groups
　　sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]
　　sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;
　　4.adding online redo log members
　　sql> alter database add logfile member
　　sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
　　sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;
　　5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
　　sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
　　sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
　　6.drop online redo log groups
　　sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;
　　7.drop online redo log members
　　sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
　　8.clearing online redo log files
　　sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';
　　9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles
　　a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
　　b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');
　　c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',
　　sql> dbms_logmnr.new);
　　d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',
　　sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);
　　e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');
　　f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
　　sql> v$logmnr_logs);
　　g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;
　　
　　第二章：表空间管理
　　1.create tablespaces
　　sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,
　　sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
　　sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
　　sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
　　2.locally managed tablespace
　　sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'
　　sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
　　3.temporary tablespace
　　sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'
　　sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
　　4.change the storage setting
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m
　　axextents 999);
　　5.taking tablespace offline or online
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data online;
　　6.read_only tablespace
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
　　7.droping tablespace
　　sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;
　　8.enableing automatic extension of data files
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m
　　sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
　　9.change the size fo data files manually
　　sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;
　　10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
　　sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
　　11.moving data files:alter database
　　sql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
　　sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
　　
　　第三章：表
　　1.create a table
　　sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
　　sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
　　sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
　　sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
　　sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
　　2.copy an existing table
　　sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
　　3.create temporary table
　　sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
　　on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows
　　4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size
　　pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)
　　5.change storage and block utilization parameter
　　sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
　　sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);
　　6.manually allocating extents
　　sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');
　　7.move tablespace
　　sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;
　　8.deallocate of unused space
　　sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
　　9.truncate a table
　　sql> truncate table table_name;
　　10.drop a table
　　sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
　　11.drop a column
　　sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
　　alter table table_name drop columns continue;
　　12.mark a column as unused
　　sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
　　alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
　　alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
　　data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs
　　
　　第四章：索引
　　1.creating function-based indexes
　　sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);
　　2.create a B-tree index
　　sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc)
　　tablespace
　　sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
　　sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
　　sql> maxextents 50);
　　3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows
　　4.creating reverse key indexes
　　sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
　　sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
　　5.create bitmap index
　　sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
　　sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
　　6.change storage parameter of index
　　sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
　　7.allocating index space
　　sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile
　　'c:/oracle/index.dbf');
　　8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;
　　
　　第五章：约束
　　1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
　　sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
　　set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
　　2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints
　　sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
　　3. define constraints while create a table
　　sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
　　sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
　　primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
　　4.enable constraints
　　sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;
　　5.enable constraints
　　sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;
　　
　　第六章：LOAD数据
　　1.loading data using direct_load insert
　　sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
　　sql> select * from emp_old;
　　2.parallel direct-load insert
　　sql> alter session enable parallel dml;
　　sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
　　sql> select * from emp_old;
　　3.using sql*loader
　　sql> sqlldr scott/tiger sql> control = ulcase6.ctl sql> log = ulcas