基础知识:
1.ruby的proc
ruby的proc的一般使用过程如下:
>> p=Proc.new{|item| p item} => #<Proc:0x000000010e446060@(irb):9> >> p.call("6") "6"
proc是通过call进行调度的,也就是说proc是可以响应call的。
2. rack的中间件的概念
我个人感觉rack中间件类似代理,包裹了endpoint,在完成处理后,中间件再将被包裹的endpoint返回。
一个简单的rack中间件如下:
MyApp = proc do |env| [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'}, ['ok']] end class MyMiddleware def initialize(app) @app = app end def call(env) if env['PATH_INFO'] == '/' @app.call(env) else [404, {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'}, ['not ok']] end end end # this is the actual configuration use MyMiddleware run MyApp
通过执行 rackup -p 4567 -s thin启动,访问4567端口后curl 127.0.0.1:4567/ab,返回not ok。从这里我们可以看到MyMiddleware作为中间件,处理非法请求。
那么sinatra和中间件又有神马关系呢?
sinatra既可以作为endpoint(被中间件包裹的app),也可以作为中间件过滤处理请求。
sinatra的所有请求的入口是call,从而知道每次call都会去调用prototype,在引入@prototype时,就引入了rack的中间件。同样,根据上面的例子,sinatra支持使用use来引入其他的中间件。
当一个请求到达后,则所有的before过滤器会被触发,而在处理请求后,所有的after都会被触发,除非before、after有特定的路径限制。
# The prototype instance used to process requests. def prototype @prototype ||= new end # Create a new instance without middleware in front of it. alias new! new unless method_defined? :new! # Create a new instance of the class fronted by its middleware # pipeline. The object is guaranteed to respond to #call but may not be # an instance of the class new was called on. def new(*args, &bk) build(Rack::Builder.new, *args, &bk).to_app end # Creates a Rack::Builder instance with all the middleware set up and # an instance of this class as end point. def build(builder, *args, &bk) setup_default_middleware builder setup_middleware builder builder.run new!(*args, &bk) builder end def call(env) synchronize{protype.call(env)} end
使用rack的中间件 (保存为config.ru)
require 'sinatra' require 'rack' # A handy middleware that ships with Rack # and sets the X-Runtime header use Rack::Runtime get('/') { 'Hello world!' }
在启动访问后
curl 127.0.0.1:4567 -vv * About to connect() to 127.0.0.1 port 4567 (#0) * Trying 127.0.0.1... connected * Connected to 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) port 4567 (#0) > GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.21.4 (universal-apple-darwin11.0) libcurl/7.21.4 OpenSSL/0.9.8r zlib/1.2.5 > Host: 127.0.0.1:4567 > Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < X-Frame-Options: sameorigin < X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block < Content-Length: 12 < Content-Type: text/html;charset=utf-8 < X-Runtime: 0.000396 < Connection: keep-alive < Server: thin 1.5.0 codename Knife < * Connection #0 to host 127.0.0.1 left intact * Closing connection #0 Hello world!
sinatra自己作为中间件 (保存为config.ru)
require 'rubygems' require 'sinatra/base' MyApp = proc do |env| [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'}, ['ok']] end class MyMiddlewareSinatra < Sinatra::Base before do if env['PATH_INFO'] != '/' halt "not good" end end end # this is the actual configuration use MyMiddlewareSinatra run MyApp
利用rackup -s thin -p 4567启动后访问/abc,返回not good
分发原则
在sinatra作为endpoint的时候,每一个请求生成一个对应的实例。而当sinatra作为中间件运行时,则是所有的请求都对应一个实例。
在sinatra作为app处理请求的时候,调用的如下代码:
# The prototype instance used to process requests. def prototype @prototype ||= new end def call(env) synchronize { prototype.call(env) } end
而在作为中间件调用的如下代码
# Rack call interface. def call(env) dup.call!(env) end def call!(env) # :nodoc: @env = env @request = Request.new(env) @response = Response.new @params = indifferent_params(@request.params) template_cache.clear if settings.reload_templates force_encoding(@params) @response['Content-Type'] = nil invoke { dispatch! } invoke { error_block!(response.status) } unless @response['Content-Type'] if Array === body and body[0].respond_to? :content_type content_type body[0].content_type else content_type :html end end @response.finish end