LeetCode:Substring with Concatenation of All Words (summarize)

题目链接

You are given a string, S, and a list of words, L, that are all of the same length. Find all starting indices of substring(s) in S that is a concatenation of each word in L exactly once and without any intervening characters.

For example, given:
S: "barfoothefoobarman"
L: ["foo", "bar"]

You should return the indices: [0,9].
(order does not matter).

 

算法1

暴力解法,从字符串s的每个位置都判断一次(如果从当前位置开始的子串长度小于L中所有单词长度,不用判断),从当前位置开始的子串的前段部分能不能由集合L里面的单词拼接而成。

从某一个位置 i 判断时,依次判断单词s[i,i+2], s[i+3,i+5], s[i+6, i+8]…是否在集合中,如果单词在集合中,就从集合中删除该单词。

我们用一个hash map来保存单词,这样可以在O(1)时间内判断单词是否在集合中

算法的时间复杂度是O(n*(l*k))n是字符串的长度,l是单词的个数,k是单词的长度

 

递归代码如下:

class Solution {
private:
    int wordLen;
    
public:
    vector<int> findSubstring(string S, vector<string> &L) {
        unordered_map<string, int>wordTimes;
        for(int i = 0; i < L.size(); i++)
            if(wordTimes.count(L[i]) == 0)
                wordTimes.insert(make_pair(L[i], 1));
            else wordTimes[L[i]]++;
        wordLen = L[0].size();
        
        vector<int> res;
        for(int i = 0; i <= (int)(S.size()-L.size()*wordLen); i++)
            if(helper(S, i, wordTimes, L.size()))
                res.push_back(i);
        return res;
    }

    //判断子串s[index...]的前段是否能由L中的单词组合而成
    bool helper(string &s, const int index, 
        unordered_map<string, int>&wordTimes, const int wordNum)
    {
        if(wordNum == 0)return true;
        string firstWord = s.substr(index, wordLen);
        unordered_map<string, int>::iterator ite = wordTimes.find(firstWord);
        if(ite != wordTimes.end() && ite->second > 0)
        {
            (ite->second)--;
            bool res = helper(s, index+wordLen, wordTimes, wordNum-1);
            (ite->second)++;//恢复hash map的状态
            return res;
        }
        else return false;
    }
};

 

非递归代码如下:

class Solution {
private:
    int wordLen;
    
public:
    vector<int> findSubstring(string S, vector<string> &L) {
        unordered_map<string, int>wordTimes;
        for(int i = 0; i < L.size(); i++)
            if(wordTimes.count(L[i]) == 0)
                wordTimes.insert(make_pair(L[i], 1));
            else wordTimes[L[i]]++;
        wordLen = L[0].size();
        
        vector<int> res;
        for(int i = 0; i <= (int)(S.size()-L.size()*wordLen); i++)
            if(helper(S, i, wordTimes, L.size()))
                res.push_back(i);
        return res;
    }
    
    //判断子串s[index...]的前段是否能由L中的单词组合而成
    bool helper(const string &s, int index, 
        unordered_map<string, int>wordTimes, int wordNum)
    {
        for(int i = index; wordNum != 0 && i <= (int)s.size()-wordLen; i+=wordLen)
        {
            string word = s.substr(i, wordLen);
            unordered_map<string, int>::iterator ite = wordTimes.find(word);
            if(ite != wordTimes.end() && ite->second > 0)
                {ite->second--; wordNum--;}
            else return false;
        }
        if(wordNum == 0)return true;
        else return false;
    }
};

 

OJ递归的时间小于非递归时间,因为非递归的helper函数中,hash map参数是传值的方式,每次调用都要拷贝一次hash map,递归代码中一直只存在一个hash map对象


算法2

回想前面的题目:LeetCode:Longest Substring Without Repeating CharactersLeetCode:Minimum Window Substring ,都用了一种滑动窗口的方法。这一题也可以利用相同的思想。

比如s = “a1b2c3a1d4”L={“a1”,“b2”,“c3”,“d4”}

窗口最开始为空,

a1在L中,加入窗口 【a1】b2c3a1d4                            本文地址

b2在L中,加入窗口 【a1b2】c3a1d4

c3在L中,加入窗口 【a1b2c3】a1d4

a1在L中了,但是前面a1已经算了一次,此时只需要把窗口向右移动一个单词a1【b2c3a1】d4

d4在L中,加入窗口a1【b2c3a1d4】找到了一个匹配

如果把s改为“a1b2c3kka1d4”,那么在第四步中会碰到单词kk,kk不在L中,此时窗口起始位置移动到kk后面a1b2c3kk【a1d4

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> findSubstring(string S, vector<string> &L) {
        unordered_map<string, int>wordTimes;//L中单词出现的次数
        for(int i = 0; i < L.size(); i++)
            if(wordTimes.count(L[i]) == 0)
                wordTimes.insert(make_pair(L[i], 1));
            else wordTimes[L[i]]++;
        int wordLen = L[0].size();
        
        vector<int> res;
        for(int i = 0; i < wordLen; i++)
        {//为了不遗漏从s的每一个位置开始的子串,第一层循环为单词的长度
            unordered_map<string, int>wordTimes2;//当前窗口中单词出现的次数
            int winStart = i, cnt = 0;//winStart为窗口起始位置,cnt为当前窗口中的单词数目
            for(int winEnd = i; winEnd <= (int)S.size()-wordLen; winEnd+=wordLen)
            {//窗口为[winStart,winEnd)
                string word = S.substr(winEnd, wordLen);
                if(wordTimes.find(word) != wordTimes.end())
                {
                    if(wordTimes2.find(word) == wordTimes2.end())
                        wordTimes2[word] = 1;
                    else wordTimes2[word]++;
                    
                    if(wordTimes2[word] <= wordTimes[word])
                        cnt++;
                    else
                    {//当前的单词在L中,但是它已经在窗口中出现了相应的次数,不应该加入窗口
                     //此时,应该把窗口起始位置想左移动到,该单词第一次出现的位置的下一个单词位置
                        for(int k = winStart; ; k += wordLen)
                        {
                            string tmpstr = S.substr(k, wordLen);
                            wordTimes2[tmpstr]--;
                            if(tmpstr == word)
                            {
                                winStart = k + wordLen;
                                break;
                            }
                            cnt--;
                        }
                    }
                    
                    if(cnt == L.size())
                        res.push_back(winStart);
                }
                else
                {//发现不在L中的单词
                    winStart = winEnd + wordLen;
                    wordTimes2.clear();
                    cnt = 0;
                }
            }
        }
        return res;
    }
};

算法时间复杂度为O(n*k))n是字符串的长度,k是单词的长度

 

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