Flutter进阶—实现动画效果(二)

在上一篇文章:Flutter进阶—实现动画效果(一)的最后,我们说到需要一个处理程序混乱的概念。在这一篇文章中,我们会引入补间,它是构建动画代码的一个非常简单的概念,主要作用是用面向对象的方法替代之前面向过程的方法。tween是一个值,它描述了其他值的空间中的两个点之间的路径,比如条形图的动画值从0运行到1。

补间在Dart中表示类型为Tween的对象

abstract class Tween<T> {
  final T begin;
  final T end;

  Tween(this.begin, this.end);

  T lerp(double t);
}

术语lerp来自计算机图形学领域,是线性插值(作为名词)和线性内插(作为动词)的缩写。参数t是动画值,补间应该从begin(当t为0时)到end(当t为1时)。

FlutterSDK的Tween类与Dart非常相似,但是一个支持变化begin和end的具体类。我们可以使用单个Tween来整理代码,用于处理条形图高度。

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter/animation.dart';
import 'dart:math';

void main() {
  runApp(new MyApp());
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return new MaterialApp(
        title: 'Flutter Demo',
        home: new MyHomePage(),
    );
  }
}

class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  _MyHomePageState createState() => new _MyHomePageState();
}

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> with TickerProviderStateMixin {
  final random = new Random();
  int dataSet = 50;
  AnimationController animation;
  Tween tween;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    animation = new AnimationController(
        duration: const Duration(milliseconds: 300),
        vsync: this
    );
    // Tween({T begin, T end }):创建tween(补间)
    tween = new Tween(begin: 0.0, end: dataSet.toDouble());
    animation.forward();
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    animation.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  void changeData() {
    setState(() {
      dataSet = random.nextInt(100);
      tween = new Tween(
        /*
        @override
        T evaluate(
          Animation animation
        )
        返回给定动画的当前值的内插值
        当动画值分别为0.0或1.0时,此方法返回begin和end
         */
        begin: tween.evaluate(animation),
        end: dataSet.toDouble()
      );
      animation.forward(from: 0.0);
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return new Scaffold(
        body: new Center(
          child: new CustomPaint(
            size: new Size(200.0, 100.0),
            /*
            Animation animate(
              Animation parent
            )
            返回一个由给定动画驱动的新动画,但它承担由该对象确定的值
             */
            painter: new BarChartPainter(tween.animate(animation))
          )
        ),
        floatingActionButton: new FloatingActionButton(
            onPressed: changeData,
            child: new Icon(Icons.refresh),
        ),
    );
  }
}

class BarChartPainter extends CustomPainter {
  static const barWidth = 10.0;

  BarChartPainter(Animation animation)
      : animation = animation,
        super(repaint: animation);

  final Animation animation;

  @override
  void paint(Canvas canvas, Size size) {
    final barHeight = animation.value;
    final paint = new Paint()
      ..color = Colors.blue[400]
      ..style = PaintingStyle.fill;
    canvas.drawRect(
        new Rect.fromLTWH(
            size.width-barWidth/2.0,
            size.height-barHeight,
            barWidth,
            barHeight
        ),
        paint
    );
  }

  @override
  bool shouldRepaint(BarChartPainter old) => false;
}

我们使用Tween将条形高度动画终点包装在一个值中,它完全与AnimationController和CustomPainter进行接口,因为Flutter框架现在会在每个动画时间点上标记CustomPaint进行重绘,而不是将整个MyHomePage子树标记为重构、重新布局和重绘。这些都是显示的改进,但是,补间的概念不止如此,它提供了组织我们的想法和代码的结构。

回到我们的代码,我们需要一个Bar类型和一个BarTween来动画化它。我们将与bar相关的类提取到bar.dart文件中,放到main.dart同级目录下。

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter/animation.dart';
import 'dart:ui' show lerpDouble;

class Bar {
  Bar(this.height);
  final double height;

  static Bar lerp(Bar begin, Bar end, double t) {
    return new Bar(lerpDouble(begin.height, end.height, t));
  }
}

class BarTween extends Tween<Bar> {
  BarTween(Bar begin, Bar end) : super(begin: begin, end: end);

  @override
  Bar lerp(double t) => Bar.lerp(begin, end, t);
}

class BarChartPainter extends CustomPainter {
  static const barWidth = 10.0;

  BarChartPainter(Animation animation)
      : animation = animation,
        super(repaint: animation);

  final Animation animation;

  @override
  void paint(Canvas canvas, Size size) {
    final bar = animation.value;
    final paint = new Paint()
      ..color = Colors.blue[400]
      ..style = PaintingStyle.fill;
    canvas.drawRect(
        new Rect.fromLTWH(
            size.width-barWidth/2.0,
            size.height-bar.height,
            barWidth,
            bar.height
        ),
        paint
    );
  }

  @override
  bool shouldRepaint(BarChartPainter old) => false;
}

我们遵循FlutterSDK的惯例来定义Bar类的静态方法BarTween.lerp。DartSDK中没有double.lerp,所以我们使用dart:ui包中的lerpDouble函数来达到同样的效果。

现在我们的应用程序可以用条形图重新显示。

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter/animation.dart';
import 'dart:math';
import 'bar.dart';

void main() {
  runApp(new MyApp());
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return new MaterialApp(
        title: 'Flutter Demo',
        home: new MyHomePage(),
    );
  }
}

class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  _MyHomePageState createState() => new _MyHomePageState();
}

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> with TickerProviderStateMixin {
  final random = new Random();
  AnimationController animation;
  BarTween tween;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    animation = new AnimationController(
        duration: const Duration(milliseconds: 300),
        vsync: this
    );
    tween = new BarTween(new Bar(0.0), new Bar(50.0));
    animation.forward();
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    animation.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  void changeData() {
    setState(() {
      tween = new BarTween(
        tween.evaluate(animation),
        new  Bar(100.0 * random.nextDouble()),
      );
      animation.forward(from: 0.0);
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return new Scaffold(
        body: new Center(
          child: new CustomPaint(
            size: new Size(200.0, 100.0),
            painter: new BarChartPainter(tween.animate(animation))
          )
        ),
        floatingActionButton: new FloatingActionButton(
            onPressed: changeData,
            child: new Icon(Icons.refresh),
        ),
    );
  }
}

未完待续~~~

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