Ubuntu APT命令使用手册

Ubuntu APT命令使用手册

 

一、常用APT命令

二、Apt帮助详解

三、Apt-get帮助详解

四、Apt-cache帮助详解

 

一、常用APT命令：

1.sudoapt-cache search package #搜索包

2.sudoapt-cache show package #获取包的相关信息，如说明，大小，版本。

3.sudoapt-cache depends package #了解包的依赖

4.sudoapt-get rdepends package #查看该包被那些包依赖

5.sudo apt-get install package #安装包

6.sudo apt-get install package=version #安装制定版本的包

7.sudo apt-get install package --reinstall #重新安装包

8.sudo apt-get -f install #修复安装(启动APT自动安装依赖关系的一个功能键，更新完源之后，如果APT还不能自行解决依赖关系，就可以执行一下这个命令)

9.sudoapt-get source package #下载该包的源代码

10.sudo apt-get remove package #删除包

11.sudo apt-get remove package --purge #删除包,包括删除配置文件等

12.sudo apt-get update #更新apt软件源数据库

13.sudo apt-get upgrade #更新已安装的软件包

14.sudo apt-get dist-upgrade #升级系统

15.sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade #使用dselect升级

16.sudo apt-get build-dep package #安装相关的编译环境

17.sudo apt-get clean & sudo apt-get autoclean #清理无用的包

18.sudo apt-get check #检查是否有损坏的依赖

 

 

二、Apt帮助详解

 

APT(8)                                                 APT                                                 APT(8)

 

NAME

       apt - command-line interface

 

SYNOPSIS

       apt [-h] [-o=config_string] [-c=config_file] [-t=target_release] [-a=architecture] {list | search | show |

           update | install pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]...  | remove pkg...  | upgrade |

           full-upgrade | edit-sources | {-v | --version} | {-h | --help}}

 

DESCRIPTION

       apt provides a high-level commandline interface for the package management system. It is intended as an

       end user interface and enables some options better suited for interactive usage by default compared to

       more specialized APT tools like apt-get(8) and apt-cache(8).

 

       Much like apt itself, its manpage is intended as an end user interface and as such only mentions the most

       used commands and options partly to not duplicate information in multiple places and partly to avoid

       overwhelming readers with a cornucopia of options and details.

 

       update (apt-get(8))

           update is used to download package information from all configured sources. Other commands operate on

           this data to e.g. perform package upgrades or search in and display details about all packages

           available for installation.

 

       upgrade (apt-get(8))

           upgrade is used to install available upgrades of all packages currently installed on the system from

           the sources configured via sources.list(5). New packages will be installed if required to statisfy

           dependencies, but existing packages will never be removed. If an upgrade for a package requires the

           remove of an installed package the upgrade for this package isn't performed.

 

       full-upgrade (apt-get(8))

           full-upgrade performs the function of upgrade but will remove currently installed packages if this is

           needed to upgrade the system as a whole.

 

       install, remove, purge (apt-get(8))

           Performs the requested action on one or more packages specified via regex(7), glob(7) or exact match.

           The requested action can be overridden for specific packages by append a plus (+) to the package name

           to install this package or a minus (-) to remove it.

 

           A specific version of a package can be selected for installation by following the package name with an

           equals (=) and the version of the package to select. Alternatively the version from a specific release

           can be selected by following the package name with a forward slash (/) and codename (jessie, stretch,

           sid ...) or suite name (stable, testing, unstable). This will also select versions from this release

           for dependencies of this package if needed to satisfy the request.

 

           Removing a package removes all packaged data, but leaves usually small (modified) user configuration

           files behind, in case the remove was an accident. Just issuing an installation request for the

           accidentally removed package will restore its function as before in that case. On the other hand you

           can get rid of these leftovers by calling purge even on already removed packages. Note that this does

           not affect any data or configuration stored in your home directory.

 

       autoremove (apt-get(8))

           autoremove is used to remove packages that were automatically installed to satisfy dependencies for

           other packages and are now no longer needed as dependencies changed or the package(s) needing them

           were removed in the meantime.

 

           You should check that the list does not include applications you have grown to like even though they

           were once installed just as a dependency of another package. You can mark such a package as manually

           installed by using apt-mark(8). Packages which you have installed explicitly via install are also

           never proposed for automatic removal.

 

       search (apt-cache(8))

           search can be used to search for the given regex(7) term(s) in the list of available packages and

           display matches. This can e.g. be useful if you are looking for packages having a specific feature. If

           you are looking for a package including a specific file try apt-file(1).

 

       show (apt-cache(8))

           Show information about the given package(s) including its dependencies, installation and download

           size, sources the package is available from, the description of the packages content and much more. It

           can e.g. be helpful to look at this information before allowing apt(8) to remove a package or while

           searching for new packages to install.

 

       list (work-in-progress)

           list is somewhat similar to dpkg-query --list in that it can display a list of packages satisfying

           certain criteria. It supports glob(7) patterns for matching package names as well as options to list

           installed (--installed), upgradeable (--upgradeable) or all available (--all-versions) versions.

 

       edit-sources (work-in-progress)

           edit-sources lets you edit your sources.list(5) files in your preferred texteditor while also

           providing basic sanity checks.

 

SCRIPT USAGE AND DIFFERENCES FROM OTHER APT TOOLS

       The apt(8) commandline is designed as an end-user tool and it may change behavior between versions. While

       it tries not to break backward compatibility this is not guaranteed either if a change seems beneficial

       for interactive use.

 

       All features of apt(8) are available in dedicated APT tools like apt-get(8) and apt-cache(8) as well.

       apt(8) just changes the default value of some options (see apt.conf(5) and specifically the Binary scope).

       So you should prefer using these commands (potentially with some additional options enabled) in your

       scripts as they keep backward compatibility as much as possible.

 

SEE ALSO

       apt-get(8), apt-cache(8), sources.list(5), apt.conf(5), apt-config(8), The APT User's guide in

       /usr/share/doc/apt-doc/, apt_preferences(5), the APT Howto.

 

DIAGNOSTICS

       apt returns zero on normal operation, decimal 100 on error.

 

BUGS

       APT bug page[1]. If you wish to report a bug in APT, please see /usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt or

       the reportbug(1) command.

 

AUTHOR

       APT team

 

NOTES

        1. APT bug page

           http://bugs.debian.org/src:apt

  

三、APT-GET帮助详解

 APT-GET(8)                                             APT                                             APT-GET(8)

 

NAME

       apt-get - APT package handling utility -- command-line interface

 

SYNOPSIS

       apt-get [-asqdyfmubV] [-o=config_string] [-c=config_file] [-t=target_release] [-a=architecture] {update |

               upgrade | dselect-upgrade | dist-upgrade |

               install pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]...  | remove pkg...  | purge pkg...  |

               source pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]...  |

               build-dep pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]...  |

               download pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]...  | check | clean | autoclean |

               autoremove | {-v | --version} | {-h | --help}}

 

DESCRIPTION

       apt-get is the command-line tool for handling packages, and may be considered the user's "back-end" to

       other tools using the APT library. Several "front-end" interfaces exist, such as aptitude(8), synaptic(8)

       and wajig(1).

 

       Unless the -h, or --help option is given, one of the commands below must be present.

 

       update

           update is used to resynchronize the package index files from their sources. The indexes of available

           packages are fetched from the location(s) specified in /etc/apt/sources.list. For example, when using

           a Debian archive, this command retrieves and scans the Packages.gz files, so that information about

           new and updated packages is available. An update should always be performed before an upgrade or

           dist-upgrade. Please be aware that the overall progress meter will be incorrect as the size of the

           package files cannot be known in advance.

 

       upgrade

           upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system from

           the sources enumerated in /etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new versions

           available are retrieved and upgraded; under no circumstances are currently installed packages removed,

           or packages not already installed retrieved and installed. New versions of currently installed

           packages that cannot be upgraded without changing the install status of another package will be left

           at their current version. An update must be performed first so that apt-get knows that new versions of

           packages are available.

 

       dist-upgrade

           dist-upgrade in addition to performing the function of upgrade, also intelligently handles changing

           dependencies with new versions of packages; apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and it

           will attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the expense of less important ones if

           necessary. The dist-upgrade command may therefore remove some packages. The /etc/apt/sources.list file

           contains a list of locations from which to retrieve desired package files. See also apt_preferences(5)

           for a mechanism for overriding the general settings for individual packages.

 

       dselect-upgrade

           dselect-upgrade is used in conjunction with the traditional Debian packaging front-end, dselect(1).

           dselect-upgrade follows the changes made by dselect(1) to the Status field of available packages, and

           performs the actions necessary to realize that state (for instance, the removal of old and the

           installation of new packages).

 

       install

           install is followed by one or more packages desired for installation or upgrading. Each package is a

           package name, not a fully qualified filename (for instance, in a Debian system, apt-utils would be the

           argument provided, not apt-utils_1.2.24_amd64.deb). All packages required by the package(s) specified

           for installation will also be retrieved and installed. The /etc/apt/sources.list file is used to

           locate the desired packages. If a hyphen is appended to the package name (with no intervening space),

           the identified package will be removed if it is installed. Similarly a plus sign can be used to

           designate a package to install. These latter features may be used to override decisions made by

           apt-get's conflict resolution system.

 

           A specific version of a package can be selected for installation by following the package name with an

           equals and the version of the package to select. This will cause that version to be located and

           selected for install. Alternatively a specific distribution can be selected by following the package

           name with a slash and the version of the distribution or the Archive name (stable, testing, unstable).

 

           Both of the version selection mechanisms can downgrade packages and must be used with care.

 

           This is also the target to use if you want to upgrade one or more already-installed packages without

           upgrading every package you have on your system. Unlike the "upgrade" target, which installs the

           newest version of all currently installed packages, "install" will install the newest version of only

           the package(s) specified. Simply provide the name of the package(s) you wish to upgrade, and if a

           newer version is available, it (and its dependencies, as described above) will be downloaded and

           installed.

 

           Finally, the apt_preferences(5) mechanism allows you to create an alternative installation policy for

           individual packages.

 

           If no package matches the given expression and the expression contains one of '.', '?' or '*' then it

           is assumed to be a POSIX regular expression, and it is applied to all package names in the database.

           Any matches are then installed (or removed). Note that matching is done by substring so 'lo.*' matches

           'how-lo' and 'lowest'. If this is undesired, anchor the regular expression with a '^' or '$'

           character, or create a more specific regular expression.

 

       remove

           remove is identical to install except that packages are removed instead of installed. Note that

           removing a package leaves its configuration files on the system. If a plus sign is appended to the

           package name (with no intervening space), the identified package will be installed instead of removed.

 

       purge

           purge is identical to remove except that packages are removed and purged (any configuration files are

           deleted too).

 

       source

           source causes apt-get to fetch source packages. APT will examine the available packages to decide

           which source package to fetch. It will then find and download into the current directory the newest

           available version of that source package while respecting the default release, set with the option

           APT::Default-Release, the -t option or per package with the pkg/release syntax, if possible.

 

           Source packages are tracked separately from binary packages via deb-src lines in the sources.list(5)

           file. This means that you will need to add such a line for each repository you want to get sources

           from; otherwise you will probably get either the wrong (too old/too new) source versions or none at

           all.

 

           If the --compile option is specified then the package will be compiled to a binary .deb using

           dpkg-buildpackage for the architecture as defined by the --host-architecture option. If

           --download-only is specified then the source package will not be unpacked.

 

           A specific source version can be retrieved by postfixing the source name with an equals and then the

           version to fetch, similar to the mechanism used for the package files. This enables exact matching of

           the source package name and version, implicitly enabling the APT::Get::Only-Source option.

 

           Note that source packages are not installed and tracked in the dpkg database like binary packages;

           they are simply downloaded to the current directory, like source tarballs.

 

       build-dep

           build-dep causes apt-get to install/remove packages in an attempt to satisfy the build dependencies

           for a source package. By default the dependencies are satisfied to build the package natively. If

           desired a host-architecture can be specified with the --host-architecture option instead.

 

       check

           check is a diagnostic tool; it updates the package cache and checks for broken dependencies.

 

       download

           download will download the given binary package into the current directory.

 

       clean

           clean clears out the local repository of retrieved package files. It removes everything but the lock

           file from /var/cache/apt/archives/ and /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/.

 

       autoclean (and the auto-clean alias since 1.1)

           Like clean, autoclean clears out the local repository of retrieved package files. The difference is

           that it only removes package files that can no longer be downloaded, and are largely useless. This

           allows a cache to be maintained over a long period without it growing out of control. The

           configuration option APT::Clean-Installed will prevent installed packages from being erased if it is

           set to off.

 

       autoremove (and the auto-remove alias since 1.1)

           autoremove is used to remove packages that were automatically installed to satisfy dependencies for

           other packages and are now no longer needed.

 

       changelog

           changelog tries to download the changelog of a package and displays it through sensible-pager. By

           default it displays the changelog for the version that is installed. However, you can specify the same

           options as for the install command.

 

       indextargets

           Displays by default a deb822 formatted listing of information about all data files (aka index targets)

           apt-get update would download. Supports a --format option to modify the output format as well as

           accepts lines of the default output to filter the records by. The command is mainly used as an

           interface for external tools working with APT to get information as well as filenames for downloaded

           files so they can use them as well instead of downloading them again on their own. Detailed

           documentation is omitted here and can instead be found in the source tree in

           doc/acquire-additional-files.txt.

 

OPTIONS

       All command line options may be set using the configuration file, the descriptions indicate the

       configuration option to set. For boolean options you can override the config file by using something like

       -f-,--no-f, -f=no or several other variations.

 

       --no-install-recommends

           Do not consider recommended packages as a dependency for installing. Configuration Item:

           APT::Install-Recommends.

 

       --install-suggests

           Consider suggested packages as a dependency for installing. Configuration Item: APT::Install-Suggests.

 

       -d, --download-only

           Download only; package files are only retrieved, not unpacked or installed. Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::Download-Only.

 

       -f, --fix-broken

           Fix; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies in place. This option, when used with

           install/remove, can omit any packages to permit APT to deduce a likely solution. If packages are

           specified, these have to completely correct the problem. The option is sometimes necessary when

           running APT for the first time; APT itself does not allow broken package dependencies to exist on a

           system. It is possible that a system's dependency structure can be so corrupt as to require manual

           intervention (which usually means using dpkg --remove to eliminate some of the offending packages).

           Use of this option together with -m may produce an error in some situations. Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::Fix-Broken.

 

       -m, --ignore-missing, --fix-missing

           Ignore missing packages; if packages cannot be retrieved or fail the integrity check after retrieval

           (corrupted package files), hold back those packages and handle the result. Use of this option together

           with -f may produce an error in some situations. If a package is selected for installation

           (particularly if it is mentioned on the command line) and it could not be downloaded then it will be

           silently held back. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Fix-Missing.

 

       --no-download

           Disables downloading of packages. This is best used with --ignore-missing to force APT to use only the

           .debs it has already downloaded. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Download.

 

       -q, --quiet

           Quiet; produces output suitable for logging, omitting progress indicators. More q's will produce more

           quiet up to a maximum of 2. You can also use -q=# to set the quiet level, overriding the configuration

           file. Note that quiet level 2 implies -y; you should never use -qq without a no-action modifier such

           as -d, --print-uris or -s as APT may decide to do something you did not expect. Configuration Item:

           quiet.

 

       -s, --simulate, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon, --no-act

           No action; perform a simulation of events that would occur based on the current system state but do

           not actually change the system. Locking will be disabled (Debug::NoLocking) so the system state could

           change while apt-get is running. Simulations can also be executed by non-root users which might not

           have read access to all apt configuration distorting the simulation. A notice expressing this warning

           is also shown by default for non-root users (APT::Get::Show-User-Simulation-Note). Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::Simulate.

 

           Simulated runs print out a series of lines, each representing a dpkg operation: configure (Conf),

           remove (Remv) or unpack (Inst). Square brackets indicate broken packages, and empty square brackets

           indicate breaks that are of no consequence (rare).

 

       -y, --yes, --assume-yes

           Automatic yes to prompts; assume "yes" as answer to all prompts and run non-interactively. If an

           undesirable situation, such as changing a held package, trying to install a unauthenticated package or

           removing an essential package occurs then apt-get will abort. Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::Assume-Yes.

 

       --assume-no

           Automatic "no" to all prompts. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Assume-No.

 

       -u, --show-upgraded

           Show upgraded packages; print out a list of all packages that are to be upgraded. Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::Show-Upgraded.

 

       -V, --verbose-versions

           Show full versions for upgraded and installed packages. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Show-Versions.

 

       -a, --host-architecture

           This option controls the architecture packages are built for by apt-get source --compile and how

           cross-builddependencies are satisfied. By default is it not set which means that the host architecture

           is the same as the build architecture (which is defined by APT::Architecture). Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::Host-Architecture.

 

       -P, --build-profiles

           This option controls the activated build profiles for which a source package is built by apt-get

           source --compile and how build dependencies are satisfied. By default no build profile is active. More

           than one build profile can be activated at a time by concatenating them with a comma. Configuration

           Item: APT::Build-Profiles.

 

       -b, --compile, --build

           Compile source packages after downloading them. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Compile.

 

       --ignore-hold

           Ignore package holds; this causes apt-get to ignore a hold placed on a package. This may be useful in

           conjunction with dist-upgrade to override a large number of undesired holds. Configuration Item:

           APT::Ignore-Hold.

 

       --with-new-pkgs

           Allow installing new packages when used in conjunction with upgrade. This is useful if the update of a

           installed package requires new dependencies to be installed. Instead of holding the package back

           upgrade will upgrade the package and install the new dependencies. Note that upgrade with this option

           will never remove packages, only allow adding new ones. Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::Upgrade-Allow-New.

 

       --no-upgrade

           Do not upgrade packages; when used in conjunction with install, no-upgrade will prevent packages on

           the command line from being upgraded if they are already installed. Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::Upgrade.

 

       --only-upgrade

           Do not install new packages; when used in conjunction with install, only-upgrade will install upgrades

           for already installed packages only and ignore requests to install new packages. Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::Only-Upgrade.

 

       --allow-downgrades

           This is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue without prompting if it is doing

           downgrades. It should not be used except in very special situations. Using it can potentially destroy

           your system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::allow-downgrades. Introduced in APT 1.1.

 

       --allow-remove-essential

           Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue without prompting if it is

           removing essentials. It should not be used except in very special situations. Using it can potentially

           destroy your system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::allow-remove-essential. Introduced in APT 1.1.

 

       --allow-change-held-packages

           Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue without prompting if it is

           changing held packages. It should not be used except in very special situations. Using it can

           potentially destroy your system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::allow-change-held-packages. Introduced

           in APT 1.1.

 

       --force-yes

           Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue without prompting if it is doing

           something potentially harmful. It should not be used except in very special situations. Using

           force-yes can potentially destroy your system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::force-yes. This is

           deprecated and replaced by --allow-downgrades, --allow-remove-essential, --allow-change-held-packages

           in 1.1.

 

       --print-uris

           Instead of fetching the files to install their URIs are printed. Each URI will have the path, the

           destination file name, the size and the expected MD5 hash. Note that the file name to write to will

           not always match the file name on the remote site! This also works with the source and update

           commands. When used with the update command the MD5 and size are not included, and it is up to the

           user to decompress any compressed files. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Print-URIs.

 

       --purge

           Use purge instead of remove for anything that would be removed. An asterisk ("*") will be displayed

           next to packages which are scheduled to be purged.  remove --purge is equivalent to the purge command.

           Configuration Item: APT::Get::Purge.

 

       --reinstall

           Re-install packages that are already installed and at the newest version. Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::ReInstall.

 

       --list-cleanup

           This option is on by default; use --no-list-cleanup to turn it off. When it is on, apt-get will

           automatically manage the contents of /var/lib/apt/lists to ensure that obsolete files are erased. The

           only reason to turn it off is if you frequently change your sources list. Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::List-Cleanup.

 

       -t, --target-release, --default-release

           This option controls the default input to the policy engine; it creates a default pin at priority 990

           using the specified release string. This overrides the general settings in /etc/apt/preferences.

           Specifically pinned packages are not affected by the value of this option. In short, this option lets

           you have simple control over which distribution packages will be retrieved from. Some common examples

           might be -t '2.1*', -t unstable or -t sid. Configuration Item: APT::Default-Release; see also the

           apt_preferences(5) manual page.

 

       --trivial-only

           Only perform operations that are 'trivial'. Logically this can be considered related to --assume-yes;

           where --assume-yes will answer yes to any prompt, --trivial-only will answer no. Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::Trivial-Only.

 

       --no-remove

           If any packages are to be removed apt-get immediately aborts without prompting. Configuration Item:

           APT::Get::Remove.

 

       --auto-remove, --autoremove

           If the command is either install or remove, then this option acts like running the autoremove command,

           removing unused dependency packages. Configuration Item: APT::Get::AutomaticRemove.

 

       --only-source

           Only has meaning for the source and build-dep commands. Indicates that the given source names are not

           to be mapped through the binary table. This means that if this option is specified, these commands

           will only accept source package names as arguments, rather than accepting binary package names and

           looking up the corresponding source package. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Only-Source.

 

       --diff-only, --dsc-only, --tar-only

           Download only the diff, dsc, or tar file of a source archive. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Diff-Only,

           APT::Get::Dsc-Only, and APT::Get::Tar-Only.

 

       --arch-only

           Only process architecture-dependent build-dependencies. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Arch-Only.

 

       --allow-unauthenticated

           Ignore if packages can't be authenticated and don't prompt about it. This can be useful while working

           with local repositories, but is a huge security risk if data authenticity isn't ensured in another way

           by the user itself. The usage of the Trusted option for sources.list(5) entries should usually be

           preferred over this global override. Configuration Item: APT::Get::AllowUnauthenticated.

 

       --no-allow-insecure-repositories

           Forbid the update command to acquire unverifiable data from configured sources. Apt will fail at the

           update command for repositories without valid cryptographically signatures. Configuration Item:

           Acquire::AllowInsecureRepositories.

 

       --show-progress

           Show user friendly progress information in the terminal window when packages are installed, upgraded

           or removed. For a machine parsable version of this data see README.progress-reporting in the apt doc

           directory. Configuration Item: Dpkg::Progress and Dpkg::Progress-Fancy.

 

       -h, --help

           Show a short usage summary.

 

       -v, --version

           Show the program version.

 

       -c, --config-file

           Configuration File; Specify a configuration file to use. The program will read the default

           configuration file and then this configuration file. If configuration settings need to be set before

           the default configuration files are parsed specify a file with the APT_CONFIG environment variable.

           See apt.conf(5) for syntax information.

 

       -o, --option

           Set a Configuration Option; This will set an arbitrary configuration option. The syntax is -o

           Foo::Bar=bar.  -o and --option can be used multiple times to set different options.

 

FILES

       /etc/apt/sources.list

           Locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::SourceList.

 

       /etc/apt/sources.list.d/

           File fragments for locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::SourceParts.

 

       /etc/apt/apt.conf

           APT configuration file. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Main.

 

       /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/

           APT configuration file fragments. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Parts.

 

       /etc/apt/preferences

           Version preferences file. This is where you would specify "pinning", i.e. a preference to get certain

           packages from a separate source or from a different version of a distribution. Configuration Item:

           Dir::Etc::Preferences.

 

       /etc/apt/preferences.d/

           File fragments for the version preferences. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::PreferencesParts.

 

       /var/cache/apt/archives/

           Storage area for retrieved package files. Configuration Item: Dir::Cache::Archives.

 

       /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/

           Storage area for package files in transit. Configuration Item: Dir::Cache::Archives (partial will be

           implicitly appended)

 

       /var/lib/apt/lists/

           Storage area for state information for each package resource specified in sources.list(5)

           Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists.

 

       /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/

           Storage area for state information in transit. Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists (partial will be

           implicitly appended)

 

SEE ALSO

       apt-cache(8), apt-cdrom(8), dpkg(1), sources.list(5), apt.conf(5), apt-config(8), apt-secure(8), The APT

       User's guide in /usr/share/doc/apt-doc/, apt_preferences(5), the APT Howto.

 

DIAGNOSTICS

       apt-get returns zero on normal operation, decimal 100 on error.

 

BUGS

       APT bug page[1]. If you wish to report a bug in APT, please see /usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt or

       the reportbug(1) command.

 

AUTHORS

       Jason Gunthorpe

 

       APT team

 

NOTES

        1. APT bug page

           http://bugs.debian.org/src:apt

  

 

四、APT-CACHE帮助详解

 

APT-CACHE(8)                                           APT                                           APT-CACHE(8)

 

NAME

       apt-cache - query the APT cache

 

SYNOPSIS

       apt-cache [-agipns] [-o=config_string] [-c=config_file] {gencaches | showpkg pkg...  | showsrc pkg...  |

                 stats | dump | dumpavail | unmet | search regex...  |

                 show pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]...  |

                 depends pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]...  |

                 rdepends pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]...  | pkgnames [prefix]  |

                 dotty pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]...  |

                 xvcg pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]...  | policy [pkg...]  | madison pkg...  |

                 {-v | --version} | {-h | --help}}

 

DESCRIPTION

       apt-cache performs a variety of operations on APT's package cache.  apt-cache does not manipulate the

       state of the system but does provide operations to search and generate interesting output from the package

       metadata. The metadata is acquired and updated via the 'update' command of e.g.  apt-get, so that it can

       be outdated if the last update is too long ago, but in exchange apt-cache works independently of the

       availability of the configured sources (e.g. offline).

 

       Unless the -h, or --help option is given, one of the commands below must be present.

 

       gencaches

           gencaches creates APT's package cache. This is done implicitly by all commands needing this cache if

           it is missing or outdated.

 

       showpkg pkg...

           showpkg displays information about the packages listed on the command line. Remaining arguments are

           package names. The available versions and reverse dependencies of each package listed are listed, as

           well as forward dependencies for each version. Forward (normal) dependencies are those packages upon

           which the package in question depends; reverse dependencies are those packages that depend upon the

           package in question. Thus, forward dependencies must be satisfied for a package, but reverse

           dependencies need not be. For instance, apt-cache showpkg libreadline2 would produce output similar to

           the following:

 

               Package: libreadline2

               Versions: 2.1-12(/var/state/apt/lists/foo_Packages),

               Reverse Depends:

                 libreadlineg2,libreadline2

                 libreadline2-altdev,libreadline2

               Dependencies:

               2.1-12 - libc5 (2 5.4.0-0) ncurses3.0 (0 (null))

               Provides:

               2.1-12 -

               Reverse Provides:

           Thus it may be seen that libreadline2, version 2.1-12, depends on libc5 and ncurses3.0 which must be

           installed for libreadline2 to work. In turn, libreadlineg2 and libreadline2-altdev depend on

           libreadline2. If libreadline2 is installed, libc5 and ncurses3.0 (and ldso) must also be installed;

           libreadlineg2 and libreadline2-altdev do not have to be installed. For the specific meaning of the

           remainder of the output it is best to consult the apt source code.

 

       stats

           stats displays some statistics about the cache. No further arguments are expected. Statistics reported

           are:

 

           ·   Total package names is the number of package names found in the cache.

 

           ·   Normal packages is the number of regular, ordinary package names; these are packages that bear a

               one-to-one correspondence between their names and the names used by other packages for them in

               dependencies. The majority of packages fall into this category.

 

           ·   Pure virtual packages is the number of packages that exist only as a virtual package name; that

               is, packages only "provide" the virtual package name, and no package actually uses the name. For

               instance, "mail-transport-agent" in the Debian system is a pure virtual package; several packages

               provide "mail-transport-agent", but there is no package named "mail-transport-agent".

 

           ·   Single virtual packages is the number of packages with only one package providing a particular

               virtual package. For example, in the Debian system, "X11-text-viewer" is a virtual package, but

               only one package, xless, provides "X11-text-viewer".

 

           ·   Mixed virtual packages is the number of packages that either provide a particular virtual package

               or have the virtual package name as the package name. For instance, in the Debian system,

               "debconf" is both an actual package, and provided by the debconf-tiny package.

 

           ·   Missing is the number of package names that were referenced in a dependency but were not provided

               by any package. Missing packages may be an evidence if a full distribution is not accessed, or if

               a package (real or virtual) has been dropped from the distribution. Usually they are referenced

               from Conflicts or Breaks statements.

 

           ·   Total distinct versions is the number of package versions found in the cache. If more than one

               distribution is being accessed (for instance, "stable" and "unstable"), this value can be

               considerably larger than the number of total package names.

 

           ·   Total dependencies is the number of dependency relationships claimed by all of the packages in the

               cache.

 

       showsrc pkg...

           showsrc displays all the source package records that match the given package names. All versions are

           shown, as well as all records that declare the name to be a binary package. Use --only-source to

           display only source package names.

 

       dump

           dump shows a short listing of every package in the cache. It is primarily for debugging.

 

       dumpavail

           dumpavail prints out an available list to stdout. This is suitable for use with dpkg(1) and is used by

           the dselect(1) method.

 

       unmet

           unmet displays a summary of all unmet dependencies in the package cache.

 

       show pkg...

           show performs a function similar to dpkg --print-avail; it displays the package records for the named

           packages.

 

       search regex...

           search performs a full text search on all available package lists for the POSIX regex pattern given,

           see regex(7). It searches the package names and the descriptions for an occurrence of the regular

           expression and prints out the package name and the short description, including virtual package names.

           If --full is given then output identical to show is produced for each matched package, and if

           --names-only is given then the long description is not searched, only the package name and provided

           packages are.

 

           Separate arguments can be used to specify multiple search patterns that are and'ed together.

 

       depends pkg...

           depends shows a listing of each dependency a package has and all the possible other packages that can

           fulfill that dependency.

 

       rdepends pkg...

           rdepends shows a listing of each reverse dependency a package has.

 

       pkgnames [prefix]

           This command prints the name of each package APT knows. The optional argument is a prefix match to

           filter the name list. The output is suitable for use in a shell tab complete function and the output

           is generated extremely quickly. This command is best used with the --generate option.

 

           Note that a package which APT knows of is not necessarily available to download, installable or

           installed, e.g. virtual packages are also listed in the generated list.

 

       dotty pkg...

           dotty takes a list of packages on the command line and generates output suitable for use by dotty from

           the GraphViz[1] package. The result will be a set of nodes and edges representing the relationships

           between the packages. By default the given packages will trace out all dependent packages; this can

           produce a very large graph. To limit the output to only the packages listed on the command line, set

           the APT::Cache::GivenOnly option.

 

           The resulting nodes will have several shapes; normal packages are boxes, pure virtual packages are

           triangles, mixed virtual packages are diamonds, missing packages are hexagons. Orange boxes mean

           recursion was stopped (leaf packages), blue lines are pre-depends, green lines are conflicts.

 

           Caution, dotty cannot graph larger sets of packages.

 

       xvcg pkg...

           The same as dotty, only for xvcg from the VCG tool[2].

 

       policy [pkg...]

           policy is meant to help debug issues relating to the preferences file. With no arguments it will print

           out the priorities of each source. Otherwise it prints out detailed information about the priority

           selection of the named package.

 

       madison pkg...

           apt-cache's madison command attempts to mimic the output format and a subset of the functionality of

           the Debian archive management tool, madison. It displays available versions of a package in a tabular

           format. Unlike the original madison, it can only display information for the architecture for which

           APT has retrieved package lists (APT::Architecture).

 

OPTIONS

       All command line options may be set using the configuration file, the descriptions indicate the

       configuration option to set. For boolean options you can override the config file by using something like

       -f-,--no-f, -f=no or several other variations.

 

       -p, --pkg-cache

           Select the file to store the package cache. The package cache is the primary cache used by all

           operations. Configuration Item: Dir::Cache::pkgcache.

 

       -s, --src-cache

           Select the file to store the source cache. The source is used only by gencaches and it stores a parsed

           version of the package information from remote sources. When building the package cache the source

           cache is used to avoid reparsing all of the package files. Configuration Item:

           Dir::Cache::srcpkgcache.

 

       -q, --quiet

           Quiet; produces output suitable for logging, omitting progress indicators. More q's will produce more

           quietness up to a maximum of 2. You can also use -q=# to set the quietness level, overriding the

           configuration file. Configuration Item: quiet.

 

       -i, --important

           Print only important dependencies; for use with unmet and depends. Causes only Depends and Pre-Depends

           relations to be printed. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::Important.

 

       --no-pre-depends, --no-depends, --no-recommends, --no-suggests, --no-conflicts, --no-breaks,

       --no-replaces, --no-enhances

           Per default the depends and rdepends print all dependencies. This can be tweaked with these flags

           which will omit the specified dependency type. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::ShowDependencyType e.g.

           APT::Cache::ShowRecommends.

 

       --implicit

           Per default depends and rdepends print only dependencies explicitly expressed in the metadata. With

           this flag it will also show dependencies implicitely added based on the encountered data. A Conflicts:

           foo e.g. expresses implicitely that this package also conflicts with the package foo from any other

           architecture. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::ShowImplicit.

 

       -f, --full

           Print full package records when searching. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::ShowFull.

 

       -a, --all-versions

           Print full records for all available versions. This is the default; to turn it off, use

           --no-all-versions. If --no-all-versions is specified, only the candidate version will be displayed

           (the one which would be selected for installation). This option is only applicable to the show

           command. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::AllVersions.

 

       -g, --generate

           Perform automatic package cache regeneration, rather than use the cache as it is. This is the default;

           to turn it off, use --no-generate. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::Generate.

 

       --names-only, -n

           Only search on the package and provided package names, not the long descriptions. Configuration Item:

           APT::Cache::NamesOnly.

 

       --all-names

           Make pkgnames print all names, including virtual packages and missing dependencies. Configuration

           Item: APT::Cache::AllNames.

 

       --recurse

           Make depends and rdepends recursive so that all packages mentioned are printed once. Configuration

           Item: APT::Cache::RecurseDepends.

 

       --installed

           Limit the output of depends and rdepends to packages which are currently installed. Configuration

           Item: APT::Cache::Installed.

 

       -h, --help

           Show a short usage summary.

 

       -v, --version

           Show the program version.

 

       -c, --config-file

           Configuration File; Specify a configuration file to use. The program will read the default

           configuration file and then this configuration file. If configuration settings need to be set before

           the default configuration files are parsed specify a file with the APT_CONFIG environment variable.

           See apt.conf(5) for syntax information.

 

       -o, --option

           Set a Configuration Option; This will set an arbitrary configuration option. The syntax is -o

           Foo::Bar=bar.  -o and --option can be used multiple times to set different options.

 

FILES

       /etc/apt/sources.list

           Locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::SourceList.

 

       /etc/apt/sources.list.d/

           File fragments for locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::SourceParts.

 

       /var/lib/apt/lists/

           Storage area for state information for each package resource specified in sources.list(5)

           Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists.

 

       /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/

           Storage area for state information in transit. Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists (partial will be

           implicitly appended)

 

SEE ALSO

       apt.conf(5), sources.list(5), apt-get(8)

 

DIAGNOSTICS

       apt-cache returns zero on normal operation, decimal 100 on error.

 

BUGS

       APT bug page[3]. If you wish to report a bug in APT, please see /usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt or

       the reportbug(1) command.

 

AUTHORS

       Jason Gunthorpe

 

       APT team

 

NOTES

        1. GraphViz

           http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/

 

        2. VCG tool

           http://rw4.cs.uni-sb.de/users/sander/html/gsvcg1.html

 

        3. APT bug page

           http://bugs.debian.org/src:apt

 

 

五、参考链接：

http://blog.csdn.net/qq_38310578/article/details/78363873