public class MainActivity extends Activity {
private Handler handler1;
private Handler handler2;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
handler1 = new Handler();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
handler2 = new Handler();
}
}).start();
}
}
public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
它通过this调用了有两个参数的构造函数,传递的两个参数分别是null和false:
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
小伙伴们,我们来看看第十二行,他会对looper进行判断,若looper为空的话就会抛出异常,也就是说Looper.myLooper()方法返回的looper对象为空,那我们再来看看lopper的myLopper()方法:
/**
* Return the Looper object associated with the current thread. Returns
* null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
*/
public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}
官方给的注释已经很清了,也就是说返回和当前线程所关联的Looper对象,若没有的话会返回空。我们再来看看刚才给我们报的错误:Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare(),也就是说, Looper.prepare()此方法会帮我们返回一个looper对象:
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
可以看到,首先判断sThreadLocal中是否已经存在Looper了,如果还没有则创建一个新的Looper设置进去。这样也就完全解释了为什么我们要先调用Looper.prepare()方法,才能创建Handler对象。同时也可以看出每个线程中最多只会有一个Looper对象。
public static void main(String[] args) {
SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
Environment.initForCurrentUser();
EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
Process.setArgV0("");
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}
AsyncTask.init();
if (false) {
Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
}
Looper.loop();
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}
在第7行调用了Looper.prepareMainLooper()方法,而这个方法又会再去调用Looper.prepare()方法,代码如下所示:
public static final void prepareMainLooper() {
prepare();
setMainLooper(myLooper());
if (Process.supportsProcesses()) {
myLooper().mQueue.mQuitAllowed = false;
}
}
因此我们应用程序的主线程中会始终存在一个Looper对象,从而不需要再手动去调用Looper.prepare()方法了。
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
只能通过prepare()方法来获取looper对象;
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
在looper的构造方法中会有帮我们造一个messageQueue,也就是消息队列。此消息队列是handler通过send或者post发送消息的目的地,试问若容器都不存在,如何装东西呢?这里做一个比喻,将messageQueue比作邮箱,把Hanlder比作邮递员,既然邮箱和邮递员都存在了,那么现在是不是就缺少邮件呢?也就是信。信在Android中也就是Message对象,这里为了节省信封,我们一般使用Message对象的obtain方法来循环利用信封,它的内部是是使用链表结构存储多个消息对象,最大长度为50,目的是为了重复的使用Message对象,避免每次都创建消息对象,避免造成大量的垃圾对象:
private static int sPoolSize = 0;
private static final int MAX_POOL_SIZE = 50;
public static Message obtain() {
synchronized (sPoolSync) {
if (sPool != null) {
Message m = sPool;
sPool = m.next;
m.next = null;
m.flags = 0; // clear in-use flag
sPoolSize--;
return m;
}
}
return new Message();
}
取得messenge对象之后,可以调用 setData()方法或arg参数等方式为消息携带一些数据,再借助Handler将消息发送出去就可以了
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Message message = new Message();
message.arg1 = 1;
Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
bundle.putString("data", "data");
message.setData(bundle);
handler.sendMessage(message);
}
}).start();
可是这里Handler到底是把Message发送到哪里去了呢?为什么之后又可以在Handler的handleMessage()方法中重新得到这条Message呢?看来又需要通过阅读源码才能解除我们心中的疑惑了,Handler中提供了很多个发送消息的方法,其中除了sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue()方法之外,其它的发送消息方法最终都会辗转调用到sendMessageAtTime()方法中,毕竟殊途同归麽。这个方法的源码如下所示:
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
final boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.when != 0) {
throw new AndroidRuntimeException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
if (msg.target == null && !mQuitAllowed) {
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread not allowed to quit");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuiting) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
} else if (msg.target == null) {
mQuiting = true;
}
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
this.notify();
} else {
Message prev = null;
while (p != null && p.when <= when) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
}
msg.next = prev.next;
prev.next = msg;
this.notify();
}
}
return true;
}
首先,MessageQueue并没有使用一个集合把所有的消息都保存起来,它只使用了一个mMessages对象表示当前待处理的消息。然后观察上面的代码我们就可以看出,所谓的入队其实就是将所有的消息按时间来进行排序,这个时间当然就是我们刚才介绍的uptimeMillis参数。具体的操作方法就根据时间的顺序调用msg.next,从而为每一个消息指定它的下一个消息是什么。当然如果你是通过sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue()方法来发送消息的,它也会调用enqueueMessage()来让消息入队,只不过时间为0,这时会把mMessages赋值为新入队的这条消息,然后将这条消息的next指定为刚才的mMessages,这样也就完成了添加消息到队列头部的操作。
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
}
try {
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
} finally {
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
}
}
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
可以看到,这个方法从for语句开始,进入了一个死循环,然后不断地调用的MessageQueue的next()方法,我想你已经猜到了,这个next()方法就是消息队列的出队方法。它的简单逻辑就是如果当前MessageQueue中存在mMessages(即待处理消息),就将这个消息出队,然后让下一条消息成为mMessages,否则就进入一个阻塞状态,一直等到有新的消息入队。继续看loop()方法中的 msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)方法,每当有一个消息出队,就将它传递到msg.target的dispatchMessage()方法中,那这里msg.target又是什么呢?其实就是Handler啦,你观察一下上面sendMessageAtTime()方法就可以看出来了。接下来当然就要看一看Handler中dispatchMessage()方法的源码了,如下所示:
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
在第5行进行判断,如果mCallback不为空,则调用mCallback的handleMessage()方法,否则直接调用Handler的handleMessage()方法,并将消息对象作为参数传递过去。这样我相信大家就都明白了为什么handleMessage()方法中可以获取到之前发送的消息了吧!
那么我们还是要来继续分析一下,为什么使用异步消息处理的方式就可以对UI进行操作了呢?这是由于Handler总是依附于创建时所在的线程,比如我们的Handler是在主线程中创建的,而在子线程中又无法直接对UI进行操作,于是我们就通过一系列的发送消息、入队、出队等环节,最后调用到了Handler的handleMessage()方法中,这时的handleMessage()方法已经是在主线程中运行的,因而我们当然可以在这里进行UI操作了。整个异步消息处理流程的示意图如下图所示:
public final boolean post(Runnable r)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
这里还是调用了sendMessageDelayed()方法去发送一条消息啊,并且还使用了getPostMessage()方法将Runnable对象转换成了一条消息,我们来看下这个方法的源码:
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
Message m = Message.obtain();
m.callback = r;
return m;
}
在这个方法中将消息的callback字段的值指定为传入的Runnable对象。这个callback字段不就是handler方法的dispatchMessage()方法中的那个callback吗?在Handler的dispatchMessage()方法中原来有做一个检查,如果Message的callback等于null才会去调用handleMessage()方法,否则就调用handleCallback()方法。handleCallback()代码如下:
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
也就是直接调用了一开始传入的Runnable对象的run()方法。虽然写法上相差很多,但是原理是完全一样的,我们在Runnable对象的run()方法里更新UI,效果完全等同于在handleMessage()方法中更新UI。