安装Oracle客户端挺费时间的，而且大部分功能都用不到，Oracle官方给出了简易客户端，直接解压就可以使用，下载地址：http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/linuxx86-64soft-092277.html
下面来看安装步骤：
1、下载安装包，我这里把所有的都下载下来了
instantclient-basic-linux.x64-12.2.0.1.0.zip
instantclient-basiclite-linux.x64-12.2.0.1.0.zip
instantclient-jdbc-linux.x64-12.2.0.1.0.zip
instantclient-odbc-linux.x64-12.2.0.1.0-2.zip
instantclient-sdk-linux.x64-12.2.0.1.0.zip
instantclient-sqlplus-linux.x64-12.2.0.1.0.zip
instantclient-tools-linux.x64-12.2.0.1.0.zip
2、unzip解压
解压出来一个目录instantclient_12_2
3、配置环境变量
export ORACLE_HOME=/home/tst1/instantclient_12_2
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$ORACLE_HOME
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME:$PATH
4、配置tns
[tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ mkdir -p network/admin [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cd network/admin/ [tst1@rhel7 admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora ora11g = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.56.22)(PORT = 1521)) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVER = DEDICATED) (SERVICE_NAME = ora11g) ) )
5、测试sqlplus，成功
[tst1@rhel7 admin]$ sqlplus zx/zx@ora11g SQL*Plus: Release 12.2.0.1.0 Production on Thu Nov 16 12:48:33 2017 Copyright (c) 1982, 2016, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options SQL>
6、安装sqlldr，我安装的这个版本的简易客户端中有sqlldr，如果没有的话需要从其他客户端或服务端中拷贝，但是我测试执行sqlldr报错：
[tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ sqlldr Message 2100 not found; No message file for product=RDBMS, facility=ULMessage 2100 not found; No message file for product=RDBMS, facility=UL[tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$
因为缺少mesg文件，从服务端把rdbms/mesg下的文件全部拷贝
[tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ mkdir -p rdbms/mesg [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cp /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/rdbms/mesg/* rdbms/mesg/
再次执行sqlldr成功
7、安装oerr，简易客户端中没有oerr命令，需要从服务端拷贝
[tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cp /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/bin/oerr ./ [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ oerr /home/tst1/instantclient_12_2/oerr: line 29: /home/tst1/instantclient_12_2/perl/bin/perl: No such file or directory
执行报错，说明缺少文件，从服务端拷贝
[tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cp -r /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/perl/* ./ [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cp -r /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/perl/* ./perl/ [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ oerr ora 1 Can't open perl script "/home/tst1/instantclient_12_2/bin/oerr.pl": (null) [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ mkdir bin [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ scp /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/bin/oerr.pl ./bin/ [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ oerr ora 1 Could not open facilities list file: /home/tst1/instantclient_12_2/lib/facility.lis 2 [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ mkdir lib [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cp /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/lib/facility.lis ./lib/ [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ oerr ora 1 00001, 00000, "unique constraint (%s.%s) violated" // *Cause: An UPDATE or INSERT statement attempted to insert a duplicate key. // For Trusted Oracle configured in DBMS MAC mode, you may see // this message if a duplicate entry exists at a different level. // *Action: Either remove the unique restriction or do not insert the key.
注意：oerr也使用到了rdbms/mesg目录下的文件，只不过第6步把整个目录都拷贝过来了，这里就省事了。
8、安装tnsping，简易安装包里也没有这个工具，需要从服务端拷贝
[tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cp /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/bin/tnsping ./ [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ tnsping TNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production on 16-NOV-2017 13:09:12 Copyright (c) 1997, 2016, Oracle. All rights reserved. TNS-03502: Message 3502 not found; No message file for product=network, facility=TNS
执行报错，因为缺少mesg文件
[tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cp -r /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/network/mesg/ ./network/ [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ tnsping 192.168.56.22:1521/ora11g TNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production on 16-NOV-2017 13:11:04 Copyright (c) 1997, 2016, Oracle. All rights reserved. Used parameter files: Used HOSTNAME adapter to resolve the alias Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION=(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=ora11g))(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.56.22)(PORT=1521))) OK (10 msec)
安装成功。
9、安装exp、imp、expdp、impdp，安装包中没有，直接从服务端拷贝
[tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cp /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/bin/imp ./ [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cp /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/bin/exp ./ [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cp /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/bin/impdp ./ [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ cp /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_home1/bin/expdp ./
imp和exp测试没有问题，但expdp和impdp报错：
[tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ expdp Segmentation fault [tst1@rhel7 instantclient_12_2]$ impdp Segmentation fault
查询MOS找到解决方法，在环境变量中添加export NLS_LANG=American_America.ZHS16GBK
问题解决。
至此，简单客户端安装完成，可以把整个目录打个包，给其他机器安装时直接解压，配置环境变量就可以使用了。比安装客户端方便的多。
备注：
如果在使用某个工具报缺少库文件时可以使用ldd命令查看该命令缺少哪个库文件，如下所示：
[root@host77 instantclient_11_2]# ldd sqlldr linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fffe63fe000) libclntsh.so.11.1 => not found libnnz11.so => not found libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f014b85c000) libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f014b658000) libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007f014b355000) libnsl.so.1 => /lib64/libnsl.so.1 (0x00007f014b13c000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f014ad7b000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f014ba8b000)
从上面的输出可以看出缺少libclntsh.so.11.1和libnnz11.so这两个文件，从服务端拷贝即可。
参考：http://hanqunfeng.iteye.com/blog/1955277