JOGL入门例子(十一)---------正投影和透视投影

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 正投影和透视投影是OPENGL里最基本,而且最重要的内容.

下图分别是正投影和透视投影的运行效果图,运行的是两个大小,外貌完全相同的组合矩型框体.

但是视觉效果上却非常不一样,这正是正投影和透视投影的区别.

 

这由于正投影的逻辑宽度在前,后,顶,底,左,右都是相等的. 正投影往往适用与CAD, 文本,建筑绘图,2D游戏等用3D来描绘2D的处理,关键代码:

void glOrtho(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double near_val, double far_val);

//这里注意是 GL 的函数, glOrtho更像是设置平面的坐标系统

//left是左坐标,right是右坐标,bottom是底坐标,top是顶坐标,near_val是近可视,far_val是远可视

 

 

透视投影则执行透视除法,对距离观察者较远的物体矩阵进行缩短和收缩.在投影到屏幕后,可视区域后端和前端的可视宽度不同.所以透视投影更适用于3D场景.例如3D游戏,关键代码:

void gluPerspective(double fovy, double aspect, double zNear, double zFar); 

//这里注意是 GLU 的函数,gluPerspective像是设置摄像机,也像人的眼睛

//fovy为可视角度,aspect宽高比例,zNear近可视,zFar是远可视

 

一般来说透视投影会配合

    glu.gluLookAt(0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
                           0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
                           0.0, 1.0, 0.0);      

使用,原形为

public void gluLookAt(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,            //表示眼睛的坐标

                                  double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,       //眼睛看向哪个点

                                  double upX, double upY, double upZ) ;                      //角度宽度,一般为0,1,0

在不使用gluLookAt的情况下,系统默认眼睛(摄像机)在原点,也就是(0,0,0)点,向着负Z轴方向看,那么眼睛看向的反方向就是正Z轴方向

简单比喻就是gluPerspective设置眼睛的性能,gluLookAt设置眼睛的位置和视觉方向.

 

 

 

图一:

 

图二:

 

 

正投影代码:

 

/*
 * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates
 * and open the template in the editor.
 */
package com.gl3dgame.ortho;

import javax.media.opengl.GL;
import javax.media.opengl.GLAutoDrawable;
import javax.media.opengl.GLEventListener;

/**
 *
 * @欢迎大家光临子瑜IT博客空间. */
public class GLRender implements GLEventListener {

    float xRot = 0.0f;
    float yRot = 0.0f;
    GL gl;

    public void init(GLAutoDrawable drawable) {
        gl = drawable.getGL();

        float whiteLight[] = {0.45f, 0.45f, 0.45f, 1.0f};
        float sourceLight[] = {0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f, 1.0f};
        float lightPos[] = {-50.f, 25.0f, 250.0f, 0.0f};

        gl.glEnable(GL.GL_DEPTH_TEST);	 //启用深度测试
        gl.glFrontFace(GL.GL_CCW);		//设置CCW方向为“正面”，CCW即CounterClockWise，逆时针

        gl.glEnable(GL.GL_CULL_FACE);   //用GL_CULL_FACE符号常量调用glEnable函数表示开启多边形表面剔除功能

        // Enable lighting 启用灯光
        gl.glEnable(GL.GL_LIGHTING);

        // Setup and enable light 0  设置灯光
        gl.glLightModelfv(GL.GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, whiteLight, 0);
        gl.glLightfv(GL.GL_LIGHT0, GL.GL_AMBIENT, sourceLight, 0);
        gl.glLightfv(GL.GL_LIGHT0, GL.GL_DIFFUSE, sourceLight, 0);
        gl.glLightfv(GL.GL_LIGHT0, GL.GL_POSITION, lightPos, 0);
        gl.glEnable(GL.GL_LIGHT0);

        // 启用材质
        gl.glEnable(GL.GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);

        // 决定对物体的正面还是反面，对环境光、镜面光还是漫射光进行颜色跟踪。
        //第一个参数可以取GL_FRONT、GL_BACK、GL_FRONT_AND_BACK中的任意一种，
        //第二个参数可以取GL_AMBIENT、GL_DIFFUSE、GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE、GL_SPECULAR中的任意一种。
        gl.glColorMaterial(GL.GL_FRONT, GL.GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE);

        // 黑色背景
        gl.glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);

    }

    public void display(GLAutoDrawable drawable) {
         float fZ,bZ;

    // 填充背景为背景颜色
    gl.glClear(GL.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    fZ = 100.0f;
    bZ = -100.0f;

    // 保存矩阵状态和做旋转
    gl.glPushMatrix();
    gl.glRotatef(xRot, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    gl.glRotatef(yRot, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);

    // 设置绘画颜色为红
    gl.glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

    // Front Face ///////////////////////////////////
    gl.glBegin(GL.GL_QUADS);
        //直截了当地指着Z轴,也就是指向前面的法线
        gl.glNormal3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);

        // 正面左横
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f,50.0f,fZ);

        // 正面右横
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f,-50.0f,fZ);

        // 正面上横
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 50.0f,fZ);

        // 正面下横
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f,fZ);


        
        //顶外 ////////////////////////////
        // Normal points up Y axis
        gl.glNormal3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f,50.0f,bZ);

        //底外
        gl.glNormal3f(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, -50.0f, fZ);

        //左外
        gl.glNormal3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, bZ);

        //右外
        gl.glNormal3f(-1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
    gl.glEnd();

    gl.glFrontFace(GL.GL_CW);		// 设置CW方向为“正面”，CW即ClockWise，顺时针

    gl.glBegin(GL.GL_QUADS);
        // Back section
        // Pointing straight out Z
        gl.glNormal3f(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);

        //后面左横
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f,50.0f,bZ);

        //后面右横
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f,-50.0f,bZ);

        //后面上横
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, 35.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 50.0f,bZ);

        // 后面下横
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f,bZ);

        // Insides /////////////////////////////
    	gl.glColor3f(0.75f, 0.75f, 0.75f);

        // Normal points up Y axis
        //内上
        gl.glNormal3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f,35.0f,bZ);

        //内下
        gl.glNormal3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f, fZ);

        //内左
        gl.glNormal3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, 35.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, fZ);

        //内右
        gl.glNormal3f(-1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, bZ);
    gl.glEnd();

    gl.glFrontFace(GL.GL_CCW);		//设置CCW方向为“正面”，CCW即CounterClockWise，逆时针

    // Restore the matrix state   还原状态矩阵
    gl.glPopMatrix();
    }

    public void reshape(GLAutoDrawable drawable, int x, int y, int width, int height) {
        float nRange = 100.0f;

        float w=(float)width;
        float h=(float)height;

        // 防止为零
        if (height == 0) {
            height = 1;
        }

        //视口设置为窗口尺寸
        gl.glViewport(0, 0, width, height);

        // Reset projection matrix stack
        gl.glMatrixMode(GL.GL_PROJECTION);
        gl.glLoadIdentity();

        //建立剪辑视图,正投影（左，右，底部，顶部，近，远）
        if (w <= h) {
            gl.glOrtho(-nRange, nRange, -nRange * h / w, nRange * h / w, -nRange-50, nRange);
        } else {
            gl.glOrtho(-nRange * w / h, nRange * w / h, -nRange, nRange, -nRange-50, nRange);
        }

        // 重置模型观察矩阵堆栈
        gl.glMatrixMode(GL.GL_MODELVIEW);
        gl.glLoadIdentity();
    }

    public void displayChanged(GLAutoDrawable drawable, boolean modeChanged, boolean deviceChanged) {
    }
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
package com.gl3dgame.ortho;               //要是想使用默认包，请去掉这行

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.media.opengl.*;
import com.sun.opengl.util.Animator;
import com.sun.opengl.util.FPSAnimator;

public class OrthoMain extends JFrame {

    GLRender listener = new GLRender();
    static FPSAnimator animator = null;

    public OrthoMain() throws HeadlessException {
        super("正投影,上下左右调整角度");
        setSize(600, 480);
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        GLCapabilities glcaps = new GLCapabilities();
        GLCanvas canvas = new GLCanvas(glcaps);
        canvas.addGLEventListener(listener);
        this.addKeyListener(new keyEventListener());
        //canvas.addMouseListener(listener);
        getContentPane().add(canvas, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        animator = new FPSAnimator(canvas, 60, true);

        centerWindow(this);
    }

    private void centerWindow(Component frame) { // 居中窗体
        Dimension screenSize = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();
        Dimension frameSize = frame.getSize();
        if (frameSize.width > screenSize.width) {
            frameSize.width = screenSize.width;
        }
        if (frameSize.height > screenSize.height) {
            frameSize.height = screenSize.height;
        }
        frame.setLocation((screenSize.width - frameSize.width) >> 1,
                (screenSize.height - frameSize.height) >> 1);

    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final OrthoMain app = new OrthoMain();
        // 显示窗体
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {

            public void run() {
                app.setVisible(true);
            }
        });
        // 动画线程开始
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {

            public void run() {
                animator.start();
            }
        });
    }

    class keyEventListener implements KeyListener {

        public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) {
        }

        public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
            if (e.getKeyCode() == 38) {
                listener.xRot -= 5.0f;
            }

            if (e.getKeyCode() == 40) {
                listener.xRot += 5.0f;
            }

            if (e.getKeyCode() == 37) {
                listener.yRot -= 5.0f;
            }

            if (e.getKeyCode() == 39) {
                listener.yRot += 5.0f;
            }

            listener.xRot = (float) ((int) listener.xRot % 360);
            listener.yRot = (float) ((int) listener.yRot % 360);


        }

        public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {
        }
    }
}

 

 

透视投影代码:

/*
 * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates
 * and open the template in the editor.
 */
package com.gl3dgame.perspect;

import javax.media.opengl.GL;
import javax.media.opengl.GLAutoDrawable;
import javax.media.opengl.GLEventListener;
import javax.media.opengl.glu.GLU;

/**
 *
 * @欢迎大家光临子瑜IT博客空间.
 */
public class GLRender implements GLEventListener {

    float xRot = 0.0f;
    float yRot = 0.0f;
    GL gl;
    GLU glu;

    public void init(GLAutoDrawable drawable) {
        gl = drawable.getGL();
        glu = new GLU();

        float whiteLight[] = {0.45f, 0.45f, 0.45f, 1.0f};
        float sourceLight[] = {0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f, 1.0f};
        float lightPos[] = {-50.f, 25.0f, 250.0f, 0.0f};

        gl.glEnable(GL.GL_DEPTH_TEST);	//启用深度测试 Hidden surface removal
        gl.glFrontFace(GL.GL_CCW);		//设置CCW方向为“正面”，CCW即CounterClockWise，逆时针
        gl.glEnable(GL.GL_CULL_FACE);	//用GL_CULL_FACE符号常量调用glEnable函数表示开启多边形表面剔除功能

        // Enable lighting  启用灯光
        gl.glEnable(GL.GL_LIGHTING);

        // Setup and enable light 0   设置灯光
        gl.glLightModelfv(GL.GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, whiteLight, 0);
        gl.glLightfv(GL.GL_LIGHT0, GL.GL_AMBIENT, sourceLight, 0);
        gl.glLightfv(GL.GL_LIGHT0, GL.GL_DIFFUSE, sourceLight, 0);
        gl.glLightfv(GL.GL_LIGHT0, GL.GL_POSITION, lightPos, 0);
        gl.glEnable(GL.GL_LIGHT0);

        // Enable color tracking   启用材质
        gl.glEnable(GL.GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);

        // 决定对物体的正面还是反面，对环境光、镜面光还是漫射光进行颜色跟踪。
        //第一个参数可以取GL_FRONT、GL_BACK、GL_FRONT_AND_BACK中的任意一种，
        //第二个参数可以取GL_AMBIENT、GL_DIFFUSE、GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE、GL_SPECULAR中的任意一种。
        gl.glColorMaterial(GL.GL_FRONT, GL.GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE);

        // 黑色背景
        gl.glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);

    }

    public void display(GLAutoDrawable drawable) {
       float fZ,bZ;

    // 填充背景为背景颜色
    gl.glClear(GL.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    fZ = 100.0f;
    bZ = -100.0f;

    // 保存矩阵状态和做旋转
    gl.glPushMatrix();
    gl.glTranslatef(0.0f, 0.0f, -300.0f);
    gl.glRotatef(xRot, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    gl.glRotatef(yRot, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);

    // 设置绘画颜色为红
    gl.glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

    // Front Face ///////////////////////////////////
    gl.glBegin(GL.GL_QUADS);
        //直截了当地指着Z轴,也就是指向前面的法线
        gl.glNormal3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);

        // 正面左横
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f,50.0f,fZ);

        //正面右横
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f,-50.0f,fZ);

        //正面上横
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 50.0f,fZ);

        //正面下横
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f,fZ);

        // 顶外 ////////////////////////////
        // Normal points up Y axis
        gl.glNormal3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f,50.0f,bZ);

        // 底外
        gl.glNormal3f(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, -50.0f, fZ);

        // 左外
        gl.glNormal3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, bZ);

        // 右外
        gl.glNormal3f(-1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, 50.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, fZ);
    gl.glEnd();

    gl.glFrontFace(GL.GL_CW);		// 设置CW方向为“正面”，CW即ClockWise，顺时针

    gl.glBegin(GL.GL_QUADS);
        // Back section
        // Pointing straight out Z
        gl.glNormal3f(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);

        // 后面左横
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-50.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f,50.0f,bZ);

        // 后面右横
        gl.glVertex3f(50.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(50.0f,-50.0f,bZ);

        // 后面上横
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, 50.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(-35.0f, 35.0f, bZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(35.0f, 50.0f,bZ);

        // 后面下横
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(35.0f, -50.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f,bZ);

        // Insides /////////////////////////////
        //灰色
    	gl.glColor3f(0.75f, 0.75f, 0.75f);

        // 内上
       gl. glNormal3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f,35.0f,bZ);

        // 内下
       gl. glNormal3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, fZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f, fZ);

        // 内左
       gl. glNormal3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f, 35.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(-35.0f, -35.0f, fZ);

        // 内右
       gl. glNormal3f(-1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
       gl. glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, fZ);
        gl.glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f, fZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(35.0f, -35.0f, bZ);
       gl. glVertex3f(35.0f, 35.0f, bZ);
    gl.glEnd();

    gl.glFrontFace(GL.GL_CCW);		//设置CCW方向为“正面”，CCW即CounterClockWise，逆时针

    // Restore the matrix state  还原状态矩阵
    gl.glPopMatrix();
    }

    public void reshape(GLAutoDrawable drawable, int x, int y, int width, int height) {
        float fAspect;

        // 防止为零
        if (height == 0) {
            height = 1;
        }

        //视口设置为窗口尺寸
        gl.glViewport(0, 0, width, height);

        fAspect =(float) width / height;

        // Reset projection matrix stack
        gl.glMatrixMode(GL.GL_PROJECTION);
        gl.glLoadIdentity();



        //透视投影 眼角度,比例,近可视,远可视
        glu.gluPerspective(53.0f, fAspect, 1.0, 400.0);

        // 重置模型观察矩阵堆栈
        gl.glMatrixMode(GL.GL_MODELVIEW);
        gl.glLoadIdentity();
    }

    public void displayChanged(GLAutoDrawable drawable, boolean modeChanged, boolean deviceChanged) {
    }
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
package com.gl3dgame.perspect;               //要是想使用默认包，请去掉这行


import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.media.opengl.*;
import com.sun.opengl.util.Animator;
import com.sun.opengl.util.FPSAnimator;

public class PerspectMain extends JFrame {

    GLRender listener = new GLRender();
    static FPSAnimator animator = null;

    public PerspectMain() throws HeadlessException {
        super("透视投影,上下左右调整角度");
        setSize(600, 480);
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        GLCapabilities glcaps = new GLCapabilities();
        GLCanvas canvas = new GLCanvas(glcaps);
        canvas.addGLEventListener(listener);
        this.addKeyListener(new keyEventListener());
        //canvas.addMouseListener(listener);
        getContentPane().add(canvas, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        animator = new FPSAnimator(canvas, 60, true);

        centerWindow(this);
    }

    private void centerWindow(Component frame) { // 居中窗体
        Dimension screenSize = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();
        Dimension frameSize = frame.getSize();
        if (frameSize.width > screenSize.width) {
            frameSize.width = screenSize.width;
        }
        if (frameSize.height > screenSize.height) {
            frameSize.height = screenSize.height;
        }
        frame.setLocation((screenSize.width - frameSize.width) >> 1,
                (screenSize.height - frameSize.height) >> 1);

    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final PerspectMain app = new PerspectMain();
        // 显示窗体
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {

            public void run() {
                app.setVisible(true);
            }
        });
        // 动画线程开始
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {

            public void run() {
                animator.start();
            }
        });
    }

    class keyEventListener implements KeyListener {

        public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) {
        }

        public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
            if (e.getKeyCode() == 38) {
                listener.xRot -= 5.0f;
            }

            if (e.getKeyCode() == 40) {
                listener.xRot += 5.0f;
            }

            if (e.getKeyCode() == 37) {
                listener.yRot -= 5.0f;
            }

            if (e.getKeyCode() == 39) {
                listener.yRot += 5.0f;
            }

            listener.xRot = (float) ((int) listener.xRot % 360);
            listener.yRot = (float) ((int) listener.yRot % 360);


        }

        public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {
        }
    }
}

 

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