079 pandas模块

目录

  • 一、Series数据结构
    • 1.1 Series支持NumPy模块的特性(下标)
    • 1.2 Series支持字典的特性(标签)
    • 1.3 Series缺失数据处理
  • 二、DataFrame数据结构
    • 2.1 产生时间对象数组:date_range
  • 三、DataFrame属性
  • 四、DataFrame取值
    • 4.1 通过columns取值
    • 4.2 loc(通过行标签取值)
    • 4.3 iloc(类似于numpy数组取值)
    • 4.4 使用逻辑判断取值
  • 五、DataFrame值替换
  • 六、读取CSV文件
  • 七、处理丢失数据
  • 八、合并数据
  • 九、导入导出数据
    • 9.1 读取文件导入数据
    • 9.2 写入文件导出数据
  • 十、pandas读取json文件
    • 10.1 orient参数的五种形式
  • 十一、pandas读取sql语句

pandas官方文档:https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/?v=20190307135750

pandas基于Numpy,可以看成是处理文本或者表格数据。pandas中有两个主要的数据结构,其中Series数据结构类似于Numpy中的一维数组,DataFrame类似于多维表格数据结构。

pandas是python数据分析的核心模块。它主要提供了五大功能:

  1. 支持文件存取操作,支持数据库(sql)、html、json、pickle、csv(txt、excel)、sas、stata、hdf等。
  2. 支持增删改查、切片、高阶函数、分组聚合等单表操作,以及和dict、list的互相转换。
  3. 支持多表拼接合并操作。
  4. 支持简单的绘图操作。
  5. 支持简单的统计分析操作。

一、Series数据结构

Series是一种类似于一维数组的对象,由一组数据和一组与之相关的数据标签(索引)组成。

Series比较像列表(数组)和字典的结合体

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df = pd.Series(0, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
print(df)

a 0
b 0
c 0
d 0
dtype: int64

print(df.values)

[0 0 0 0]

print(df.index)

Index(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], dtype='object')

1.1 Series支持NumPy模块的特性(下标)

详解 方法
从ndarray创建Series Series(arr)
与标量运算 df*2
两个Series运算 df1+df2
索引 df[0], df[[1,2,4]]
切片 df[0:2]
通用函数 np.abs(df)
布尔值过滤 df[df>0]
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, np.nan])
print(arr)

[ 1. 2. 3. 4. nan]

df = pd.Series(arr, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
print(df)

a 1.0
b 2.0
c 3.0
d 4.0
e NaN
dtype: float64

print(df**2)

a 1.0
b 4.0
c 9.0
d 16.0
e NaN
dtype: float64

print(df[0])

1.0

print(df['a'])

1.0

print(df[[0, 1, 2]])

a 1.0
b 2.0
c 3.0
dtype: float64

print(df[0:2])

a 1.0
b 2.0
dtype: float64

np.sin(df)

a 0.841471
b 0.909297
c 0.141120
d -0.756802
e NaN
dtype: float64

df[df > 1]

b 2.0
c 3.0
d 4.0
dtype: float64

1.2 Series支持字典的特性(标签)

详解 方法
从字典创建Series Series(dic),
in运算 ’a’ in sr
键索引 sr['a'], sr[['a', 'b', 'd']]
df = pd.Series({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
print(df)

a 1
b 2
dtype: int64

print('a' in df)

True

print(df['a'])

1

1.3 Series缺失数据处理

方法 详解
dropna() 过滤掉值为NaN的行
fillna() 填充缺失数据
isnull() 返回布尔数组,缺失值对应为True
notnull() 返回布尔数组,缺失值对应为False
df = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, np.nan], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
print(df)

a 1.0
b 2.0
c 3.0
d 4.0
e NaN
dtype: float64

print(df.dropna())

a 1.0
b 2.0
c 3.0
d 4.0
dtype: float64

print(df.fillna(5))

a 1.0
b 2.0
c 3.0
d 4.0
e 5.0
dtype: float64

print(df.isnull())

a False
b False
c False
d False
e True
dtype: bool

print(df.notnull())

a True
b True
c True
d True
e False
dtype: bool

二、DataFrame数据结构

DataFrame是一个表格型的数据结构,含有一组有序的列。

DataFrame可以被看做是由Series组成的字典,并且共用一个索引。

2.1 产生时间对象数组:date_range

date_range参数详解:

参数 详解
start 开始时间
end 结束时间
periods 时间长度
freq 时间频率,默认为'D',可选H(our),W(eek),B(usiness),S(emi-)M(onth),(min)T(es), S(econd), A(year),…
dates = pd.date_range('20190101', periods=6, freq='M')
print(dates)

DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-31', '2019-02-28', '2019-03-31', '2019-04-30',
'2019-05-31', '2019-06-30'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='M')

np.random.seed(1)
arr = 10 * np.random.randn(6, 4)
print(arr)

[[ 16.24345364 -6.11756414 -5.28171752 -10.72968622]
[ 8.65407629 -23.01538697 17.44811764 -7.61206901]
[ 3.19039096 -2.49370375 14.62107937 -20.60140709]
[ -3.22417204 -3.84054355 11.33769442 -10.99891267]
[ -1.72428208 -8.77858418 0.42213747 5.82815214]
[-11.00619177 11.4472371 9.01590721 5.02494339]]

df = pd.DataFrame(arr, index=dates, columns=['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
df
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943

三、DataFrame属性

属性 详解
dtype是 查看数据类型
index 查看行序列或者索引
columns 查看各列的标签
values 查看数据框内的数据,也即不含表头索引的数据
describe 查看数据每一列的极值,均值,中位数,只可用于数值型数据
transpose 转置,也可用T来操作
sort_index 排序,可按行或列index排序输出
sort_values 按数据值来排序
# 查看数据类型
print(df2.dtypes)

0 float64
1 float64
2 float64
3 float64
dtype: object

df
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943
print(df.index)

DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-31', '2019-02-28', '2019-03-31', '2019-04-30',
'2019-05-31', '2019-06-30'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='M')

print(df.columns)

Index(['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'], dtype='object')

print(df.values)

[[ 16.24345364 -6.11756414 -5.28171752 -10.72968622]
[ 8.65407629 -23.01538697 17.44811764 -7.61206901]
[ 3.19039096 -2.49370375 14.62107937 -20.60140709]
[ -3.22417204 -3.84054355 11.33769442 -10.99891267]
[ -1.72428208 -8.77858418 0.42213747 5.82815214]
[-11.00619177 11.4472371 9.01590721 5.02494339]]

df.describe()
c1 c2 c3 c4
count 6.000000 6.000000 6.000000 6.000000
mean 2.022213 -5.466424 7.927203 -6.514830
std 9.580084 11.107772 8.707171 10.227641
min -11.006192 -23.015387 -5.281718 -20.601407
25% -2.849200 -8.113329 2.570580 -10.931606
50% 0.733054 -4.979054 10.176801 -9.170878
75% 7.288155 -2.830414 13.800233 1.865690
max 16.243454 11.447237 17.448118 5.828152
df.T
2019-01-31 00:00:00 2019-02-28 00:00:00 2019-03-31 00:00:00 2019-04-30 00:00:00 2019-05-31 00:00:00 2019-06-30 00:00:00
c1 16.243454 8.654076 3.190391 -3.224172 -1.724282 -11.006192
c2 -6.117564 -23.015387 -2.493704 -3.840544 -8.778584 11.447237
c3 -5.281718 17.448118 14.621079 11.337694 0.422137 9.015907
c4 -10.729686 -7.612069 -20.601407 -10.998913 5.828152 5.024943
# 按行标签[c1, c2, c3, c4]从大到小排序
df.sort_index(axis=0)
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943
# 按列标签[2019-01-01, 2019-01-02...]从大到小排序
df.sort_index(axis=1)
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943
# 按c2列的值从大到小排序
df.sort_values(by='c2')
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943

四、DataFrame取值

df
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943

4.1 通过columns取值

df['c2']

2019-01-31 -6.117564
2019-02-28 -23.015387
2019-03-31 -2.493704
2019-04-30 -3.840544
2019-05-31 -8.778584
2019-06-30 11.447237
Freq: M, Name: c2, dtype: float64

df[['c2', 'c3']]
c2 c3
2019-01-31 -6.117564 -5.281718
2019-02-28 -23.015387 17.448118
2019-03-31 -2.493704 14.621079
2019-04-30 -3.840544 11.337694
2019-05-31 -8.778584 0.422137
2019-06-30 11.447237 9.015907

4.2 loc(通过行标签取值)

# 通过自定义的行标签选择数据
df.loc['2019-01-01':'2019-01-03']
c1 c2 c3 c4
df[0:3]
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407

4.3 iloc(类似于numpy数组取值)

df.values

array([[ 16.24345364, -6.11756414, -5.28171752, -10.72968622],
[ 8.65407629, -23.01538697, 17.44811764, -7.61206901],
[ 3.19039096, -2.49370375, 14.62107937, -20.60140709],
[ -3.22417204, -3.84054355, 11.33769442, -10.99891267],
[ -1.72428208, -8.77858418, 0.42213747, 5.82815214],
[-11.00619177, 11.4472371 , 9.01590721, 5.02494339]])

# 通过行索引选择数据
print(df.iloc[2, 1])

-2.493703754774101

df.iloc[1:4, 1:4]
c2 c3 c4
2019-02-28 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
2019-03-31 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
2019-04-30 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913

4.4 使用逻辑判断取值

df[df['c1'] > 0]
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
df[(df['c1'] > 0) & (df['c2'] > -8)]
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407

五、DataFrame值替换

df
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943
df.iloc[0:3, 0:2] = 0
df
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-01-31 0.000000 0.000000 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-02-28 0.000000 0.000000 17.448118 -7.612069
2019-03-31 0.000000 0.000000 14.621079 -20.601407
2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943
df['c3'] > 10

2019-01-31 False
2019-02-28 True
2019-03-31 True
2019-04-30 True
2019-05-31 False
2019-06-30 False
Freq: M, Name: c3, dtype: bool

# 针对行做处理
df[df['c3'] > 10] = 100
df
c1 c2 c3 c4
2019-01-31 0.000000 0.000000 -5.281718 -10.729686
2019-02-28 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000
2019-03-31 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000
2019-04-30 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000
2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943
# 针对行做处理
df = df.astype(np.int32)
df[df['c3'].isin([100])] = 1000
df
c1 c2c3 c4
2019-01-31 0 0 -5 -10
2019-02-28 1000 1000 1000 1000
2019-03-31 1000 1000 1000 1000
2019-04-30 1000 1000 1000 1000
2019-05-31 -1 -8 0 5
2019-06-30 -11 11 9 5

六、读取CSV文件

import pandas as pd
from io import StringIO
test_data = '''
5.1,,1.4,0.2
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2
4.7,3.2,,0.2
7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4
6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5
6.9,3.1,4.9,
,,,
'''

test_data = StringIO(test_data)
df = pd.read_csv(test_data, header=None)
df.columns = ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']
df
c1 c2 c3 c4
0 5.1 NaN 1.4 0.2
1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
2 4.7 3.2 NaN 0.2
3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5
5 6.9 3.1 4.9 NaN
6 NaN NaN NaN NaN

七、处理丢失数据

df.isnull()
c1 c2 c3 c4
0 False True False False
1 False False False False
2 False False True False
3 False False False False
4 False False False False
5 False False False True
6 True True True True
# 通过在isnull()方法后使用sum()方法即可获得该数据集某个特征含有多少个缺失值
print(df.isnull().sum())

c1 1
c2 2
c3 2
c4 2
dtype: int64

# axis=0删除有NaN值的行
df.dropna(axis=0)
c1 c2 c3 c4
1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5
# axis=1删除有NaN值的列
df.dropna(axis=1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
# 删除全为NaN值得行或列
df.dropna(how='all')
c1 c2 c3 c4
0 5.1 NaN 1.4 0.2
1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
2 4.7 3.2 NaN 0.2
3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5
5 6.9 3.1 4.9 NaN
# 删除行不为4个值的
df.dropna(thresh=4)
c1 c2 c3 c4
1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5
# 删除c2中有NaN值的行
df.dropna(subset=['c2'])
c1 c2 c3 c4
1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
2 4.7 3.2 NaN 0.2
3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5
5 6.9 3.1 4.9 NaN
# 填充nan值
df.fillna(value=10)
c1 c2 c3 c4
0 5.1 10.0 1.4 0.2
1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
2 4.7 3.2 10.0 0.2
3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5
5 6.9 3.1 4.9 10.0
6 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

八、合并数据

df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.zeros((3, 4)))
df1
0 1 2 3
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3, 4)))
df2
0 1 2 3
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# axis=0合并列
pd.concat((df1, df2), axis=0)
0 1 2 3
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# axis=1合并行
pd.concat((df1, df2), axis=1)
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# append只能合并列
df1.append(df2)
0 1 2 3
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

九、导入导出数据

使用df = pd.read_excel(filename)读取文件,使用df.to_excel(filename)保存文件。

9.1 读取文件导入数据

读取文件导入数据函数主要参数:

参数 详解
sep 指定分隔符,可用正则表达式如'\s+'
header=None 指定文件无行名
name 指定列名
index_col 指定某列作为索引
skip_row 指定跳过某些行
na_values 指定某些字符串表示缺失值
parse_dates 指定某些列是否被解析为日期,布尔值或列表
df = pd.read_excel(filename)
df = pd.read_csv(filename)

9.2 写入文件导出数据

写入文件函数的主要参数:

参数 详解
sep 分隔符
na_rep 指定缺失值转换的字符串,默认为空字符串
header=False 不保存列名
index=False 不保存行索引
cols 指定输出的列,传入列表
df.to_excel(filename)

十、pandas读取json文件

strtext = '[{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3391","code":"8,4,5,2,9","code1":"297734529","code2":null,"time":1013395466000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3390","code":"7,8,2,1,2","code1":"298058212","code2":null,"time":1013395406000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3389","code":"5,9,1,2,9","code1":"298329129","code2":null,"time":1013395346000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3388","code":"3,8,7,3,3","code1":"298588733","code2":null,"time":1013395286000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3387","code":"0,8,5,2,7","code1":"298818527","code2":null,"time":1013395226000}]'

df = pd.read_json(strtext, orient='records')
df
code code1 code2 issue time ttery
0 8,4,5,2,9 297734529 NaN 20130801-3391 1013395466000 min
1 7,8,2,1,2 298058212 NaN 20130801-3390 1013395406000 min
2 5,9,1,2,9 298329129 NaN 20130801-3389 1013395346000 min
3 3,8,7,3,3 298588733 NaN 20130801-3388 1013395286000 min
4 0,8,5,2,7 298818527 NaN 20130801-3387 1013395226000 min
df.to_excel('pandas处理json.xlsx',
            index=False,
            columns=["ttery", "issue", "code", "code1", "code2", "time"])

10.1 orient参数的五种形式

orient是表明预期的json字符串格式。orient的设置有以下五个值:

1.'split' : dict like {index -> [index], columns -> [columns], data -> [values]}

这种就是有索引,有列字段,和数据矩阵构成的json格式。key名称只能是index,columns和data。

s = '{"index":[1,2,3],"columns":["a","b"],"data":[[1,3],[2,8],[3,9]]}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='split')
df
a b
1 1 3
2 2 8
3 3 9

2.'records' : list like [{column -> value}, ... , {column -> value}]

这种就是成员为字典的列表。如我今天要处理的json数据示例所见。构成是列字段为键,值为键值,每一个字典成员就构成了dataframe的一行数据。

strtext = '[{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3391","code":"8,4,5,2,9","code1":"297734529","code2":null,"time":1013395466000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3390","code":"7,8,2,1,2","code1":"298058212","code2":null,"time":1013395406000}]'

df = pd.read_json(strtext, orient='records')
df
code code1 code2 issue time ttery
0 8,4,5,2,9 297734529 NaN 20130801-3391 1013395466000 min
1 7,8,2,1,2 298058212 NaN 20130801-3390 1013395406000 min

3.'index' : dict like {index -> {column -> value}}

以索引为key,以列字段构成的字典为键值。如:

s = '{"0":{"a":1,"b":2},"1":{"a":9,"b":11}}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='index')
df
a b
0 1 2
1 9 11

4.'columns' : dict like {column -> {index -> value}}

这种处理的就是以列为键,对应一个值字典的对象。这个字典对象以索引为键,以值为键值构成的json字符串。如下图所示:

s = '{"a":{"0":1,"1":9},"b":{"0":2,"1":11}}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='columns')
df
a b
0 1 2
1 9 11

5.'values' : just the values array。

values这种我们就很常见了。就是一个嵌套的列表。里面的成员也是列表,2层的。

s = '[["a",1],["b",2]]'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='values')
df
0 1
0 a 1
1 b 2

十一、pandas读取sql语句

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import pymysql


def conn(sql):
    # 连接到mysql数据库
    conn = pymysql.connect(
        host="localhost",
        port=3306,
        user="root",
        passwd="123",
        db="db1",
    )
    try:
        data = pd.read_sql(sql, con=conn)
        return data
    except Exception as e:
        print("SQL is not correct!")
    finally:
        conn.close()


sql = "select * from test1 limit 0, 10"  # sql语句
data = conn(sql)
print(data.columns.tolist())  # 查看字段
print(data)  # 查看数据

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