享元模式,以共享的方式高效地支持大量的细粒度对象。通过复用内存中已存在的对象,降低系统创建对象实例的性能消耗。
以黑白五子棋为例
public abstract class Chessman { private String color; private int x; private int y; public Chessman(String color){ this.color=color; } //设置棋子位置 public void setPosition(int x,int y){ this.x=x; this.y=y; } public String getColor() { return color; } public int getX() { return x; } public int getY() { return y; } }
public class BlackChessman extends Chessman{ public BlackChessman() { super("黑棋子"); System.out.println("创建黑棋子"); } }
public class WhiteChessman extends Chessman{ public WhiteChessman() { super("白棋子"); System.out.println("创建白棋子"); } }
public class ChessmanFactory { private static ChessmanFactory ChessmanFactory=new ChessmanFactory(); //缓存存放共享对象 Hashtablecache=new Hashtable (); public static ChessmanFactory getInstance(){ return ChessmanFactory; } //获取棋子 public Chessman getChessman(char c){ Chessman chessman=this.cache.get(c); if(chessman==null){ if(c=='W'){ chessman=new WhiteChessman(); }else if(c=='B'){ chessman=new BlackChessman(); } cache.put(c, chessman); } return chessman; } }
public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { ChessmanFactory factory=ChessmanFactory.getInstance(); Chessman chessman1=factory.getChessman('W'); chessman1.setPosition(1, 1); System.out.println(chessman1.getColor()+" ("+chessman1.getX()+","+chessman1.getY()+")"); Chessman chessman2=factory.getChessman('W'); chessman2.setPosition(2, 2); System.out.println(chessman2.getColor()+" ("+chessman2.getX()+","+chessman2.getY()+")"); Chessman chessman3=factory.getChessman('B'); chessman3.setPosition(3, 3); System.out.println(chessman3.getColor()+" ("+chessman3.getX()+","+chessman3.getY()+")"); Chessman chessman4=factory.getChessman('B'); chessman4.setPosition(4, 4); System.out.println(chessman4.getColor()+" ("+chessman4.getX()+","+chessman4.getY()+")"); } }
测试结果
创建白棋子 白棋子 (1,1) 白棋子 (2,2) 创建黑棋子 黑棋子 (3,3) 黑棋子 (4,4)
享元模式的两种状态:内蕴状态和外蕴状态
1.内蕴状态:
享元模式的内蕴状态是不会随环境的改变而改变的,是存储在享元对象内部的状态信息,因此内蕴状态是可以共享的,对于任何一个享元对象来讲,它的值是完全相同的。就像上面例子中的“黑子”和“白子”,它代表的状态就是内蕴状态。
2.外蕴状态
外蕴状态会随环境的变化而改变的,因此是不可共享的状态,对于不同的享元对象来讲,它的值可能是不同的。享元对象的外蕴状态必须由客户端保存,在享元对象被创建之后,需要使用的时候再传入到享元对象的内部。就像五子棋的位置信息,代表的状态就是享元对象的外蕴状态。